Definition and Examples of Native Languages

In most cases, the term native language refers to the language that a person acquires in early childhood because it is spoken in the family and/or it is the language of the region where the child lives. Also known as a mother tongue, first language, or arterial language. A person who has more than one native language is regarded as bilingual or multilingual. Contemporary linguists and educators commonly use the term L1 to refer to a first or native language, and the term L2 to refer to a second language or a foreign language thats being studied. As David Crystal has observed, the term native language (like native speaker) has become a sensitive one in those parts of the world where native has developed demeaning connotations (Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics). The term is avoided by some specialists in World English and New Englishes. Examples and Observations [Leonard] Bloomfield (1933) defines a native language as one learned on ones mothers knee, and claims that no one is perfectly sure in a language that is acquired later. The first language a human being learns to speak is his native language; he is a native speaker of this language (1933: 43). This definition equates a native speaker with a mother tongue speaker. Bloomfields definition also assumes that age is the critical factor in language learning and that native speakers provide the best models, although he does say that, in rare instances, it is possible for a foreigner to speak as well as a native. . . .The assumptions behind all these terms are that a person will speak the language they learn first better than languages they learn later, and that a person who learns a language later cannot speak it as well as a person who has learned the language as their first language. But it is clearly not necessarily true that the language a person learns first is the one they will always be best at . . ..(Andy Kirkpatrick, World Englishes: Implications for International Communication and English Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press, 2007)​ Native Language Acquisition A native language is generally the first one a child is exposed to. Some early studies referred to the process of learning ones first or native language as First Language Acquisition or FLA, but because many, perhaps most, children in the world are exposed to more than one language almost from birth, a child may have more than one native language. As a consequence, specialists now prefer the term native language acquisition (NLA); it is more accurate and includes all sorts of childhood situations.(Fredric Field, Bilingualism in the USA: The Case of the Chicano-Latino Community. John Benjamins, 2011) Language Acquisition and Language Change Our native language is like a second skin, so much a part of us we resist the idea that it is constantly changing, constantly being renewed. Though we know intellectually that the English we speak today and the English of Shakespeares time are very different, we tend to think of them as the same--static rather than dynamic.(Casey Miller and Kate Swift, The Handbook of Nonsexist Writing, 2nd ed. iUniverse, 2000)Languages change because they are used by human beings, not machines. Human beings share common physiological and cognitive characteristics, but members of a speech community differ slightly in their knowledge and use of their shared language. Speakers of different regions, social classes, and generations use language differently in different situations (register variation). As children acquire their native language, they are exposed to this synchronic variation within their language. For example, speakers of any generation use more and less formal language depending on the sit uation. Parents (and other adults) tend to use more informal language to children. Children may acquire some informal features of the language in preference to their formal alternatives, and incremental changes in the language (tending toward greater informality) accumulate over generations. (This may help explain why each generation seems to feel that following generations are ruder and less eloquent, and are corrupting the language!) When a later generation acquires an innovation in the language introduced by a previous generation, the language changes.(Shaligram Shukla and Jeff Connor-Linton, Language Change. An Introduction to Language And Linguistics, ed. by Ralph W. Fasold and Jeff Connor-Linton. Cambridge University Press, 2006) Margaret Cho on Her Native Language It was hard for me to do the show [All-American Girl] because a lot of people didnt even understand the concept of Asian-American. I was on a morning show, and the host said, Awright, Margaret, were changing over to an ABC affiliate! So why dont you tell our viewers in your native language that were making that transition? So I looked at the camera and said, Um, theyre changing over to an ABC affiliate.(Margaret Cho, I Have Chosen to Stay and Fight. Penguin, 2006) Joanna Czechowska on Reclaiming a Native Language As a child growing up in Derby [England] in the 60s I spoke Polish beautifully, thanks to my grandmother. While my mother went out to work, my grandmother, who spoke no English, looked after me, teaching me to speak her native tongue. Babcia, as we called her, dressed in black with stout brown shoes, wore her grey hair in a bun, and carried a walking stick. But my love affair with Polish culture began to fade when I was five--the year Babcia died.My sisters and I continued to go to Polish school, but the language would not return. Despite the efforts of my father, even a family trip to Poland in 1965 could not bring it back. When six years later my father died too, at just 53, our Polish connection almost ceased to exist. I left Derby and went to university in London. I never spoke Polish, never ate Polish food nor visited Poland. My childhood was gone and almost forgotten.Then in 2004, more than 30 years later, things changed again. A new wave of Polish immigrants had arrived and I began to hear the language of my childhood all around me--every time I got on a bus. I saw Polish newspapers in the capital and Polish food for sale in the shops. The language sounded so familiar yet somehow distant--as if it were something I tried to grab but was always out of reach. I began to write a novel [The Black Madonna of Derby] about a fictional Polish family and, at the same time, decided to enroll at a Polish language school. Each week I went through half-remembered phrases, getting bogged down in the intricate grammar and impossible inflections. When my book was published, it put me back in touch with school friends who like me were second-generation Polish. And strangely, in my language classes, I still had my accent and I found words and phrases would sometimes come unbidden, long lost speech patterns making a sudden reappearance. I had found my childhood again. Source: Joanna Czechowska, After My Polish Grandmother Died, I Did Not Speak Her Native Language for 40 Years. The Guardian, July 15, 2009 Margaret Cho,  I Have Chosen to Stay and Fight. Penguin, 2006 Shaligram Shukla and Jeff Connor-Linton, Language Change.  An Introduction to Language And Linguistics, ed. by Ralph W. Fasold and Jeff Connor-Linton. Cambridge University Press, 2006 Casey Miller and Kate Swift,  The Handbook of Nonsexist Writing, 2nd ed. iUniverse, 2000 Fredric Field,  Bilingualism in the USA: The Case of the Chicano-Latino Community. John Benjamins, 2011 Andy Kirkpatrick,  World Englishes: Implications for International Communication and English Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press, 2007

What Was the Driving Force Behind European Imperialism in...

Andres Lugo Professor William Hendricks March 17, 2015 World Civilizations II Domination of resources The European powers that were in much need for resources during the 1500s through 1800s were Great Britain, France and Germany. During 1500 and 1800 Africa seemed like an impossible feat to conquer because of malaria but this wouldn’t stop the persistence of the leaders of France and Great Britain. The idea of exploring and conquering new land meant more to these leaders because of the motivation to keep their national security strong and keep their economy stronger. These countries would use their remaining resources to look for more disposable ones so that their empires could grow considerably. Great Britain would be dug in the†¦show more content†¦As the years go on this would began the countries of Africa being taken over and ran by foreigners. Each power would see the great opportunities that Africa would have to offer during these 300 years of exploring and expanding their empire. As the wheels start turning of this quest soon begins conf lict and with conflict evolution has started. Operating in Africa meant they needed to protect what they had built in their time there. Technological development started to happen with weapons and warfare. Better weapons meant better protection, as the years would go on it would become its own business on its own. Trading goods and building markets becomes important also within the communities these countries operate in because it gives the natives a way to make money on their in turn the importing and exporting distributers only see opportunities in this. With countries fighting for territory, and resources the driving force of imperialism in Africa soon loses its motivation of that and starts to become more about national pride amongst the European countries foreshadowing what will happen in the years to come. The driving force of imperialism in Africa would start off to help the empires grow and keep steady economic security for the future but with conflicts on the horizon to gre at powerShow MoreRelatedImperialism in Africa Essay620 Words   |  3 PagesB5 Imperialism in Africa In the late 1800’s Europeans took over Africa, took their resources,enslaving the Africans, and changed the course of history. The Europeans took over Africa, which is called The Scramble For Africa, in 1884-1914. The Europeans took over because Africa was rich in raw materials, they wanted power, and they thought their culture was superior. The driving force behind imperialism was need for resources, political competition, and technological advances. 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Exam 1 human resource management Free Essays

1. | | | According to the right of privacy, employers can conceal the nature of the job before hiring an employee. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| False | False| | | | 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Exam 1 human resource management or any similar topic only for you Order Now | | | The concept of â€Å"human resource management† implies that employees are interchangeable, easily replaced assets that must be managed like any other physical asset. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| False | False| | | | 3. | | | Currently, no federal laws outline how to use employee databases in order to protect employees’ privacy while also meeting employers’ and society’s concerns for security. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| True | True| | | | 4. | | | The role of HR generalist is limited to recruitment and selection. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| False | False| | | | 5. | | | Which of the following is NOT a necessary quality of human resources? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Human resources are valuable. |    | B. | Human resources are not imitable. |    | C. | Human resources are easily retainable. |    | D. | Human resources have no good substitute. |    | | | | 6. | | | Why has the job trend shifted to broadly defined jobs? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Emphasis on innovation and quality|    | B. | Demand for low skilled workers|    | C. | Increased focus on simplifying jobs|    | D. | Lack of competition|    | | | | 7. | | | Job design is: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | the process of defining the way work will be performed and the tasks that a given job requires. |    | B. | the process of getting detailed information about jobs. |    | C. | the process by which the organization attempts to identify suitable employees. |    | D. | the planned effort to enable employees to learn job-related knowledge, skills, and behavior. |    | | | 8. | | | Organizational development and change are areas where HR professionals generally play only a supporting role. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| False | False| | | | 9. | | | As a type of resource, human capital refers to: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | the wages, benefits, and other costs incurred in support of HR functions within an organiz ation. |    | B. | executive talent within an organization. |    | C. | the tax-deferred value of an employee’s 401(k) plan. |    | D. | employee characteristics that add economic value to the organization. |    | | | | 10. | | According to the Gallup survey, which aspect of their jobs are most workers largely satisfied with? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Health insurance benefits|    | B. | Retirement plans|    | C. | Relations with coworkers|    | D. | Amount of money earned|    | | | | 11. | | | The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that about one-tenth of employed individuals work in alternative employment arrangements. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| True | True| | | | 12. | | | The U. S. workforce is predicted to become more diverse in terms of ethnicity and racial background. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| True | True| | | | 13. | | | An HRIS can be used to perform primarily all of the following EXCEPT: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | support strategic decision-making. |    | B. | avoid litigation. |    | C. | evaluate programs and policies. |    | D. | motivate employees. |    | | | | 14. | | | When an organization undertakes a complete review of its critical work processes to make them more efficient and to be able to deliver higher quality, it is engaging in: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | outsourcing. |    | B. | high-performance work system design. |    | C. | total quality management. |    | D. | reengineering. |    | | | | 15. | | | What effect has the use of employee empowerment had upon recruiting? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | It has created an international labor market. |    | B. | It has substantially enhanced employment opportunities for women and minorities. |    | C. | It has shifted the focus away from technical skills to general cognitive and interpersonal skills. |    | D. | It has significantly reduced recruiting costs. |    | | | | 16. | | | How does e-HRM affect analysis and design of work? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. Online simulations, including tests and e-mail, can measure job candidates’ ability to deal with real-life business challenges. |    | B. | Employees can review salary and bonus information and seek information about and enroll in benefit plans. |    | C. | Employees in geographically dispersed locations can work together in virtual teams using video, e-mail, and the Internet. |    | D. | Online learning can bring training to employees anywhere, anytime. |    | | | | 17. | | | Privacy, as an important issue in e-HRM, might best be addressed by which one of the following technologies? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | A website|    | B. | An intranet|    | C. | A high-performance work system|    | D. | A shared service center|    | | | | 18. | | | When two companies join forces and become one entity, it is termed a: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | partnership. |    | B. | consolidation. |    | C. | merger. |    | D. | joint venture. |    | | | | 19. | | | Independent contractors are: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | persons who work for an organization only when they are needed. |    | B. | self-employed individuals with multiple clients. |    | C. | employed by a temporary agency. |    | D. employed directly by a company for a specific time. |    | | | | 20. | | | Which one of the following technologies lets a company rent space on a remote computer system and use the system’s software to manage its HR activities, including security and upgrades? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Application service providers|    | B. | Int ernet portals|    | C. | Shared service centers|    | D. | Business intelligence|    | | | | 21. | | | Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 applies to all organizations that employ 20 or more persons working 20 or more weeks a year and that are involved in interstate commerce. | Student Response| Correct Answer| False | False| | | | 22. | | | The Civil Rights Act of 1991: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | limits damage claims to lost benefits and attorney’s fees and costs. |    | B. | requires violators to pay punitive damages that cover emotional pain and suffering. |    | C. | requires violators to pay compensatory damages, an amount beyond actual loss. |    | D. | limits the maximum punitive damages allowed, depending on the size of the organization. |    | | | | 23. | | | The EEOC is NOT the enforcement agency for the: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. |    | B. | Rehabilitation Act of 1973. |    | C. | Equal Pay Act of 1963. |    | D. | Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. |    | | | | 24. | | | Which legislative/regulatory actions are under the direct control of the President? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Constitutional amendments|    | B. | Judicial decisions|    | C. | Legislation|    | D. | Executive orders|    | | | | 25. | | | Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employers from discriminating against individuals based on all of the following EXCEPT: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | age. |    | B. | race. |    | C. | religion. |    | D. | national origin. |    | | | | 26. | | | Under disparate impact, the plaintiff must prove that the employer intended to discriminate. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| True | False| | | | 27. | | | Which of the following cases would most likely be subject to a lawsuit filed under the disparate treatment theory of discrimination? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | A group of females are laid off due to a downturn in business. |    | B. | Black applicants are being disproportionately rejected on the basis of a psychological test. |    | C. A black applicant is turned down for a job based on a handwriting analysis. |    | D. | A woman with school-aged children is rejected on the assumption that she will frequently be absent from work. |    | | | | 28. | | | An individual wishing to file a complaint with the EEOC or a similar state agency must file the complaint within _____ days of the incident. | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | 30|    | B. | 60|    | C. | 90|    | D. | 180|    | | | | 29. | | | The three basic components of an affirmative action plan include all of the following EXCEPT: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. utilization analysis. |    | B. | measurement tools. |    | C. | goals and timetables. |    | D. | action steps. |    | | | | 30. | | | When an individual is promised a positive outcome for submission to sex, or threatened with a negative outcome for failure to submit to sex, this is referred to as: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | disparate treatment. |    | B. | disparate impact. |    | C. | reverse discrimination. |    | D. | quid pro quo harassment. |    | | | | 31. | | | In terms of the Job Characteristics Model, the degree to which a job requires completing a â€Å"whole† piece of work from beginning to end is: | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | autonomy. |    | B. | skill variety . |    | C. | task significance. |    | D. | task identity. |    | | | | 32. | | | For which of the following occupations is it easiest to implement telework? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Production technician|    | B. | Quality management|    | C. | Machine operator|    | D. | Graphic designer|    | | | | 33. | | | In contrast to tasks, duties, and responsibilities, KSAOs are characteristics about people and are not directly observable. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| True | True| | | | 34. | | What is the SBAR method? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Standardizing information at handoff points by describing the situation, giving the context, evaluation of the condition, and recommending action. |    | B. | Reducing the complexity of the work, making it so simple that almost anyone can be trained quickly and easily to perform the job. |    | C. | The study of the interface between individuals’ physiology and the characteris tics of the physical work environment. |    | D. | Enlarging jobs by combining several relatively simple jobs to form a job with a wider range of tasks.    | | | | 35. | | | In which of the following scenarios will workers be less motivated to perform the job? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | When the job requires a variety of skills to be performed. |    | B. | When the job requires completing the whole piece of work from beginning to end. |    | C. | When the job has minor impact on the lives of other people. |    | D. | When the job allows individuals to make decisions about the job. |    | | | | 36. | | | Which of the following would qualify as a compressed workweek? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. Employees are required to be at work from 10:00 a. m. to 3:00 p. m. and can choose additional hours before/after this period. |    | B. | Two part-time employees work in different shifts and share the tasks of a specific job. |    | C. | Employee s are permitted to work 10 hours a day, Monday through Thursday. |    | D. | Employees can choose to work away from a centrally located work area. |    | | | | 37. | | | When job analysis information is used to judge the relative worth of different jobs within an organization, the HR activity is termed: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. performance evaluation. |    | B. | training and development. |    | C. | job evaluation. |    | D. | work redesign. |    | | | | 38. | | | Which of the following arrangements would qualify as job rotation? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | A receptionist is required to perform the jobs of file clerk and typist. |    | B. | Team members assemble components and also pack products into cases. |    | C. | Team members make decisions regarding how to resolve problems with customers. |    | D. | A manager participating in a meeting while on vacation with his family. |    | | | | 39. | | Which one of the following wo uld be most appropriate when gathering information about clerical and technical job duties? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | A job analyst visits the workplace and watches/videotapes an employee performing the job. |    | B. | A manager/supervisor imagines what a well-done job would look like. |    | C. | A job analyst questions the peers about a particular job. |    | D. | A job analyst visits the workplace and asks employees to show what the job entails. |    | | | | 40. | | | The Fleishman Job Analysis System provides an accurate picture of the ability requirements of a job. | Student Response| Correct Answer| True | True| | | | 41. | | | Which of the following is NOT true of outsourcing? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Outsourcing is a logical choice when firms lack experience in an area. |    | B. | Outsourcing often involves ventures with foreign companies. |    | C. | Outsourcing is currently restricted to manufacturing and low-skilled job s. |    | D. | Outsourcing is driven by economies of scale. |    | | | | 42. | | | Several forces are drawing out older workers’ careers. Which of the following is NOT one of them? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. The improved health of older people, combined with the decreased physical labor required by many jobs, makes working longer a viable option. |    | B. | The acute shortage of qualified younger workers has resulted in employers offering increased incentives to older workers to remain on the job. |    | C. | Age discrimination laws and the outlawing of mandatory retirement ages have limited organizations’ ability to induce older workers to retire. |    | D. | Many workers fear Social Security will be cut, and they do not have adequate employer-sponsored pensions to cover anticipated costs. |    | | | | 43. | | How do organizations determine labor supply? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Analyzing where the need for people with the necessary skills and experience will increase or decrease. |    | B. | Analyzing job categories held in one period and the proportion of employees in each of those job categories in a future period. |    | C. | Indicating a specific figure about what should happen with the job category or skill area and a specific timetable for when the results should be achieved. |    | D. | Planning elimination of large numbers of personnel with the goal of enhancing the organization’s competitiveness.    | | | | 44. | | | According to research on recruitment, it is clear that recruiting sources are more important than characteristics of the vacancy for predicting job choice. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| True | False| | | | 45. | | | Job applicants find companies with employment-at-will practices more attractive than companies with due-process policies. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| True | False| | | | 46. | | | The largest share of new employees hired come from which external source? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Career fairs|    | B. | Referrals|    | C. | College recruiting|    | D. | Advertisements|    | | | | 47. | | | In a survey of large well-known businesses, about one-third of open job positions were filled by: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | insiders. |    | B. | referrals. |    | C. | on campus recruitment. |    | D. | direct applicants. |    | | | | 48. | | | Overtime is most suited for short-term labor shortages. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| False | True| | | | 49. | | | Research demonstrates that realistic job previews significantly reduce employee turnover. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| True | False| | | | 50. | | | An organization’s core competency is: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | a clear analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the organization’s existing internal labor force. |    | B. | decisions about how an organization will carry out human resource management, including how it will fill job vacancies. |    | C. | a set of knowledge and skills that make the organization superior to competitors and create value for customers. |    | D. | a forecast of the proportion of employees who are members of various protected groups. |    | | | | How to cite Exam 1 human resource management, Essay examples

Fundamentals Of Entrepreneurship Business †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Fundamentals Of Entrepreneurship Business? Answer: Introducation With the advent of modern technology and the increased usage of the Internet due to reasons like reduced cost of data and availability of data, common people have become more and more dependent on the internet to lead their livelihood. Starting from booking a cab to buying clothes and accessories online and also booking a doctors appointment everything is possible through internet and Smartphone. The world has crunched in its size thanks to the increased use of internet and internet based applications (Barnes and Hunt 2013). Type of industry: The industry that the business will be operation on is the e-commerce or the e-market, this is a virtual place of business that exists and is in full rage now. Jeff Bezos the owner of an e-commerce giant, Amazon, has recently been awarded the title of the worlds richest person. Hence it can be clearly understood that there is a huge capacity of this market if it is used wisely and with proper planning. The E-market is a place that has a lot of pros and cons and the biggest pro being the braking of the geographical barrier opening a wider scope of the target market. One of the major cons of the e-commerce sector is that an individual cannot use the service that is being offered if he or she does not have a Smartphone or a computer with working internet plan (Awa, Ojiabo and Emecheta 2015). Mission statement: The vision and mission this new business idea is to create a positive thinking for the online grocery material purchasing. To make the consumers understand the optimum utility of the service. Another positive and innovative point of this application will be the choice of shop from where the consumers will receive their desired product at their door step. In this way the retail stores also can sing up and supply the products without being out of business (Ong and The 2016). Business Model: The suggested name of the service and the new business idea is DELIGROCE. It would include an internet based mobile application that can be downloaded from App store. The city which is suggested to be the point of inception of the operation is Adelaide. Adelaide is a geographically smaller city in comparison to others in Australia, but it has a youthful crowd who use internet on a daily basis and are also open to new and innovative ideas of livelihood hence Adelaide will prove to be a good start to the new business. First of all technical support will be required in order to develop an application based portal which is not only user friendly and easy to use but also has two sides to it one is the consumer end and the other is the vendors end. The business model of the new idea will flow a two course path that is going to run parallel to each other. One is the vendor side and the other is the customer side. To combat the busy time table that individuals lead nowadays there are several services that are available in the internet. This business model also follows the same path as the customer side of the model is planned and designed in a way that the time and effort of the consumers are reduced so that they can indulge their time in something more worthwhile. But, there is always a trust issue with the products that are available in the virtual world, especially if the products are in the perishable goods category and most groceries are in this category. To deal with this dilemma of the consumers there is the vendor side of the model, which is to sign up with local grocery stores that the consumers usually visit and trust so that along with the products the customers can also choose the stores from which the products are go ing to be bought. Good quality products are going to be delivered by the suppliers and grocery shops, the shops will pack the orders received from the mobile application and supply it to the delivery partners of the company. The idea is to remove the hoarding of the inventories and stocks as the market is dealing with goods that can easily be perished therefore cutting on a large amount of capital investment on the stocking of inventories and warehousing charges etc (Chaffey 2015). Description of the Industry Future outlook and trends In todays world the schedule that an individual follows is very bus and hence there is an upward trend of the internet based market. As it saves time and effort of the people it is growing and gaining popularity with the reduced cost of internet and data plans. In the next five years the expectation of the consumers form the e-commerce sector is going to increase and hence there is a lot of opportunity for the business to upgrade and expand in other cities as well. There is drone delivery system in 30 minutes and virtual trying of clothes and shoes also possible. Analysis of Competitors There are a number of players in this market already as it has a lot of opportunities the biggest threat being the supermarket retailer giant Aldi. It is a retail market but it has a strong presence online as well. In a very little time the company has garnered a lot of good reputation in the Australian sector as well owing to the reasonable cost and high quality products that they offer. As Aldi has a home grown brand it can offer very low price of products and offer high quality (Kurnia et al. 2015). The business model is a little different form that of the DELIGROCE as in this business model the products are going to be delivered from a selected store to the consumer and the business itself will not own any products of its own. It will just as service providers for delivery of fresh and high quality grocery from the selected stores. Grocery Run is another major competitor some of the services that it offers are $9.99 flat shipping rate all over Australia which is a big marketing plus point for the company, apart from that it also offers great discounts on items. Furthermore, customers usually like to physically check grocery items such as fruit, vegetables, meat and eggs before purchasing them; hence the retail is a big competition to the market (Falk and Hagsten 2015). Here is a list of other potential competitors: Woolworths Coles Harris Farm Australian Farmers Direct Shopwings Industry and Market forecasts he market of the retail grocery is lead by some of the big players like Metcash, Wesfarmers, Woolworths Limited, Aldi and many more and hence the online service of grocery is still yet to gain popularity even among the urban population. In the last financial year 2016-17 and considering the numbers of the past five years, industry revenue has seen an upward rise and opportunity and the approx number that is annualized 15.8%, to reach $2.7 billion. The target market of the industry is still dealing with the new idea of buying groceries online as there is a huge possibility of getting tampered goods because the market deals in perishable items as well. The widespread set of connections of the significant supermarket chains of Australia like Coles and Woolworths, the proximity of the stores form the location of the people have made the online industry of groceries a tough competition as people get a local store very close to their house or locality where they can choose the desired good s from the aisle of these store. The online grocery industry in Australian is expected to grow in its capacity to be worth AU$5.8bn in 2020, which is over twice its current value of AU$2.7bn. Currently the sales of the online market are at 2.3%, which is analyzed to grow to 4.1% of online grocery sales by 2020 (retailanalysis.igd.com, 2017). Technology Plan Description of technology The technology that is required for the inception of the business plan is mainly an application development that is going to be available both in the android play store and also in ISO app store. the application must have some of these features: User-friendly, easy to download, easy to sign in, a section of notes where a person can set reminders, an option on uploading documents which is necessarily the list of items so that the items can automatically move in to the cart of the account. There should also be an analysis metrics in the app which will analyze the buying trend of the consumer and give the customer options while purchasing suggesting new and upgraded products. There also should be a provision for the customers to give the vendors review so that more and more people can order form a particular store, this can be used as a shared marketing tool with the business. Another important aspect of the business is partnering up with a delivery service which is going to serve the company and help the business with the logistics (Cosenz and Cosenz 2017). Technology comparison Most of the application of the online grocery market deal with similar kind of application based program where the customer can pick and choose form by looking at the pictures. There are several companies which offer free shipping after a certain amount along with 24 hrs delivery service. There also provisions available for return of items that the customer did not like. There are applications and websites who just focus on home grown items and encourage Australian vendors. A lot of these plans can be imitated by DELIGROCE as well in the future (Kaptein and Parvinen 2015). Commercialization requirement he first requirement is to understand the local customer and the mind set along with it build al list of supermarkets and local stores who are the potential vendors of the company. The user interface of the application has to be attractive and at the same time engaging for the customers to understand the application easily and use it without any hassle. There should be a GPS navigator built in to connect with the delivery boys in no and keep in contact with them (Fernie and Sparks 2014). The resources that are required to develop this internet based application for both the Android and IOS module is first skilled and trained software technician, a partnership with a friend of the entrepreneur who owns an application designing company is proposed. The next import resource that is required by the company is a trained business development and marketing team who will present the companies and bring aboard vendors by analyzing and identifying a list of supermarkets and local grocery stores. Another major requirement of the initial start up of the business is a content team who will manage the basic content of the application (Brooks, Heffner and Henderson 2014). Marketing Plan Market segment Demographic: The target market of the business is people who buy their own grocery 20-60 years old. Geographic: Initially the geographic area that is going to be focus on is Adelaide. Psychographic: People who have a busy lifestyle and want to take out time form their busy schedule to indulge in some quality time with oneself or friends and family. Behavioral: A person who is tech savvy and understands the usage of such applications, someone who is a regular e-commerce website user, and is not skeptic about the quality of service offered by e-commerce websites and applications (Hennart 2014). Product and service The company is going to offer a service to the customers of delivering the groceries that can be ordered online via an application. On the vendor end, the company is going to offer a platform for the local grocery stores to set up an online presence and reach out to people who are their potential customers (Turban et al. 2015). Pricing he price will be two folds one form the customers end and one from the vendors end. The delivery charges are kept at the minimum and will be free after a certain point of purchase. From the vendors end it will be a contract of the service for 6months, 8months and 12 months option to choose form. The vendors can renew their contract on the basis of their choice. Distribution The distribution of the products will be done by the delivery partner and the delivery will be monitored by the GPS system that will be developed for the app and for the back end usage. Promotion Promotion of the business will be done via medium which is most used by the target market. Digital and internet based marketing is the best option for the business (Rawat and Divekar 2014). Financial Plan Break even Analysis Monthly Revenue Break-even $65,000 Assumptions: Average Percent Variable Cost 30% Estimated Monthly Fixed Cost $46,925 Pro Forma Cash flow Statement Starting Cash Position Inflow (individual investment) Sales from customers Sales from vendors Other Cash Receipts Total Cash Inflow Outflow (Use of Fund) Fixed Cost Administration Marketing Operations Total Cash Outflow Closing Cash Position Production plan The production of the technology is given to another firm which specializes in the technology development sector. This firm belongs to the friend of the entrepreneur and hence a mutual benefit and understanding will be much better than any other outsourced unit. The company will be offering a service and not a product hence the option of production is unavailable but for a service industry as well has a production procedure in this case is the development of the technology is part of the production (Cannone and Ughetto 2014). Organizational plan Form of Ownership The form of ownership of the business is sole proprietorship where the entrepreneur is the sole owner and the receiver of any profit that is drawn from the business. He or she is the person who is the risk taker and the risk barer of the company. Identification of Partners The firm will need collaboration with the technology support company and will also have a delivery partner of the venture to begin with. Both the technology and the delivery are significant to the company, the future plans are to set up own logistics phase in the future while expanding the business. Organizational Structure It is an independent venture and will be released at small scale only for the customers in the Adelaide area. The entrepreneur of the company is the person who is all in all in the management. Apart from that there is a marketing and business head along with a content manager in the establishment. There are around seventeen employees in the marketing, operation and the content team. Operational plan The aim is to launch the application as soon as possible as the online grocery market of Australia is expected is the eight largest in the world with full potential to grow exponentially over the next five years. Before the launch some promotional activity will occur to kick start the download process. Six months before the launch the application will be used extensively by the technology team to understand and deal with the short comings (Wang et al. 2016). Summary The prospect of this business is dependent on the acceptance of the idea among the urban population of Adelaide. There is tough competition of the retail stores on the online front in the grocery sector. The development of the application and the smooth running of the app will the prime focus at the initial stages. While, the marketing team at the will concentrate on finding the vendors to participate and collaborate with the application. By the end of the first financial year there is an expected growth in the industry and in the outlook of people hence focusing on expanding in other adjacent cities as well. Reference List: Awa, H.O., Ojiabo, O.U. and Emecheta, B.C., 2015. Integrating TAM, TPB and TOE frameworks and expanding their characteristic constructs for e-commerce adoption by SMEs.Journal of Science Technology Policy Management,6(1), pp.76-94. Barnes, S. and Hunt, B. eds., 2013.E-commerce and v-business. Routledge. Brooks, G., Heffner, A. and Henderson, D., 2014. A SWOT analysis of competitive knowledge from social media for a small start-up business.The Review of Business Information Systems (Online),18(1), p.23. Cannone, G. and Ughetto, E., 2014. Born globals: A cross-country survey on high-tech start-ups.International Business Review,23(1), pp.272-283. Chaffey, D., 2015.Digital business and E-commerce management. Pearson Education Limited. Cosenz, F. and Cosenz, F., 2017. Supporting start-up business model design through system dynamics modelling.Management Decision,55(1), pp.57-80. Falk, M. and Hagsten, E., 2015. E-commerce trends and impacts across Europe.International Journal of Production Economics,170, pp.357-369. Fernie, J. and Sparks, L., 2014.Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan page publishers. Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E. eds., 2014.Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Hennart, J.F., 2014. The accidental internationalists: a theory of born globals.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,38(1), pp.117-135. Kaptein, M. and Parvinen, P., 2015. Advancing e-commerce personalization: Process framework and case study.International Journal of Electronic Commerce,19(3), pp.7-33. Kurnia, S., Choudrie, J., Mahbubur, R.M. and Alzougool, B., 2015. E-commerce technology adoption: A Malaysian grocery SME retail sector study.Journal of Business Research,68(9), pp.1906-1918. Ong, C.E. and Teh, D., 2016. Redress procedures expected by consumers during a business-to-consumer e-commerce dispute.Electronic Commerce Research and Applications,17, pp.150-160. Rawat, S. and Divekar, R., 2014. Developing a Social Media Presence Strategy for an E-commerce Business.Procedia Economics and Finance,11, pp.626-634. retailanalysis.igd.com. (2017).Australias online grocery market set to double. [online] Available at: https://retailanalysis.igd.com/news/news-article/t/australias-online-grocery-market-set-to-double/i/10350 [Accessed 9 Sep. 2017]. Turban, E., King, D., Lee, J.K., Liang, T.P. and Turban, D.C., 2015.Electronic commerce: A managerial and social networks perspective. Springer. Wang, K.J., Widagdo, J., Lin, Y.S., Yang, H.L. and Hsiao, S.L., 2016. A service innovation framework for start-up firms by integrating service experience engineering approach and capability maturity model.Service Business,10(4), pp.867-916.

Healthy Lifestyle Essay Sample free essay sample

Education is of import or wellness is of import?Answer:Health: Health is the degree of functional or metabolic efficiency of a life being. In worlds. it is the general status of a person’s head and organic structure. normally intending to be free from unwellness. hurt or hurting ( as in â€Å"good health† or â€Å"healthy† ) . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) defined wellness in its broader sense in 1946 as â€Å"a province of complete physical. mental. and societal wellbeing and non simply the absence of disease or frailty. † Education: Education in its general sense is a signifier of acquisition in which cognition. accomplishments. and wonts of a group of people are transferred from one coevals to the following through learning. preparation. research. or merely through autodidacticism. By and large. it occurs through any experience that has a formative consequence on the manner one thinks. feels. or Acts of the Apostless. Health is more of import than instruction:Health is one of those things that people tend to take for granted. We will write a custom essay sample on Healthy Lifestyle Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Until you are confronting disease or hurt. your good wellness. like a clean house. greatly goes unnoticed. When all your organic structure parts are working decently. there is no hurting to catch your attending. no chronic unwellness to enfeeble your day-to-day life. Health is a province of mental and physical wellbeing in which everything is working decently and you experience a general feeling of verve. Good wellness allows you to execute the undertakings necessary and desirable to your day-to-day life. Work. household. place and interests can be enjoyed and conducted without hurting or break. Good wellness is of import because it allows people to concentrate on their involvements and duties. Poor wellness. in the signifier of hurts. disablements. chronic hurting. mental unwellness or disease. prevents 1000000s of people from back uping. caring for or showing themselves efficaciously. Anyone who has lived with chronic hurting can state you how the status clouds every facet of your life. doing even the most everyday undertakings into ordeals of agony and desperation. Mental unwellness and dependence are merely every bit unhealthy as any other debilitating disease. Judgment and abilities are lost. attempts wasted and relationships destroyed as the patient flounders through life. incapable of recovering that good wellness they thought was their birthright. For the bulk of people who suffer with hapless wellness. it is the solitariness and desperation that finally destroy their lives. Peoples can non last in isolation. Condemned to a infirmary bed. a mental ward or a alone place. unhealthy people are instinctively. albeit below the belt. shunned and ignored. Misery may love company but most of us see a lizard-brain antipathy to passing any important sum of clip in the company of the unhealthy. The solitariness and isolation contribute to the mental and physical agony experienced by the unhealthy. On the other manus. people who are vibrantly healthy seem to pull success and regard without attempt. Possibly it is the same lizard-brain. which is invari ably seeking s superior mate or spouse. who fauns over and offers particular intervention to the athletically fit. Peoples who are healthy get promoted at work more readily. they are treated better socially and professionally and they tend to earn more regard. Personal Life: The importance of wellness in personal life can non be minimized. It has come to be regarded as a requirement for optimal socio-economic development of adult male. Health attention as a right of every person has been recognized in many states. In the â€Å"Universal Declaration of the Human Rights† . there are 30 articles. The Right to better life conditions and the Right to Health and Medical service are critical. Though the wellness is now recognized as a cardinal right of every human being. it is basically an single duty. It is the person who has to accept certain duties in order to achieve good wellness. i. e. duty about diet. personal hygiene. cultivation of healthful wonts. transporting out specific disease bar steps. It is besides desirable that in the personal life every person should be acquainted with the indispensable wellness accomplishments to remain healthy. Family Life: The household is a primary societal group. It is a group of biologically related persons. The household is like a ‘shock absorber’ to the emphasis and strains of life. At the clip of emotional disturbances. concern. anxiousness. economic insecurity. the household provides an chance for release of tenseness. The household hence plays an of import portion both in wellness and disease in the bar and intervention of single unwellnesss. in the attention of kids and dependent grownups. and in the stabilisation of the personality of both grownups and kids In most societies the household is the fulcrum of wellness services Medical schools are developing learning coders in household medical specialty ; because. as Florence Nightingale had said. â€Å"the secret of national wellness prevarications in the places of the people† . Social Life: Society is a group of persons drawn together by a common bond of closeness and who act together in general for the accomplishment of certain common ends. The society plays an of import function in the wellness every bit good as in disease ; public wellness is an built-in portion of the societal system. It is influenced by society and society by public wellness. Many public wellness jobs are societal jobs and vice-versa. Health is related profoundly to life-style. Ideal wellness will nevertheless. ever remains a mirage. because everything in our life is capable to alter. Health may be described as a potentiality—the ability of an person or a societal group to modify himself or itself continually. in the face of altering conditions of life non merely. in order to work better in the present but besides to fix for the hereafter. A ) Give the construct of Healthy life manner. How can I take healthy life style? Answer:Concept of Healthy life manner: A healthy life style is one which helps to maintain and better people’s wellness and wellbeing. Components of a healthy life styleHealthy life style is. largely. associated with:* Family traditions* Health instruction* Sympathetic business* Safe environment* Adequate nutrition* Physical fittingness* Absence of bad wonts* Personal hygiene* Love and tenderness* Positive societal communicating How can I take healthy life style:A healthy life style means keeping a balanced and alimentary diet every bit good as prosecuting in athleticss or other fittingness related activities. A healthy diet entirely nevertheless is unequal to guarantee a healthy organic structure as physical activity helps to maintain one in form and free of illness and disease. Harmonizing to the World Health Organization. merely one in 10 people exercise on a regular basis and a bulk do non follow a healthy diet. The chief perpetrator is our preference for debris nutrient as can be seen from the popularity of fast nutrient ironss and other western restaurants. even local nutrients such as fried noodles. friend rice and bites and savories are loaded with fat and Calories. Therefore. devouring this type of nutrient on a day-to-day footing can lend to weight addition. Overweight and corpulent people suffer from many wellness complications such as diabetes. high blood force per unit area. high cholesterin and even malignant neoplastic disease. Hence. the accent on healthy life style should get down at a immature age. Parents must press their kids to eat more veggies. fruits. juices. wholemeal and wholegrain nutrients. Many parents. due to clip restraint. normally find the easy manner out by cooking two-minute noodles or heading towards the nearest fast nutrient articulation for speedy repast. They do non recognize nevertheless that sets the phase for an unhealthy lfestyle for their kids who rapidly go addicted to such nutrients. Therefore. parents can counter this job by cooking or fixing repasts that do non take up clip such as cheese sandwiches. soup. splash friend vegetables or purchase pre-packed repasts from supermarkets which can be warmed up in the microwave oven. Dining out normally involves eating to a great extent and unhealthily. Most of us are prone to telling deep fried nutrient and oily dishes as opposed to steamed or baked nutrient. Thus. though eating out is ineluctable. parents of kids and grownups as a hole should order fresh nutrient and nutrients that are alimentary and non loaded with oil. fat or sugar. Once a form of healthy feeding is established. it would be easier to transport through such a life style and for the kids to follow suit. School canteens must be urged to sell merely extremely alimentary nutrient and drinks. Peddling machines that sell soft drinks and drinks that are spiked with sugar should be banned. Hence. school traveling kids would be exposed to healthy eating signif ier immature. Daily exercising is critical. In fact. schools should implement Physical instruction on a day-to-day footing instead than twice hebdomadal. Merely the minority are actively involved in athleticss. Most pupils are sedentary and prefer to concentrate on their surveies as they consider indulging in physical activities a waste of clip. By implementing regular exercising daily. these pupils would be exposed to the importance and benefits of exercising. Many parents and grownups do non apportion clip for physical activity. A big figure of them work long hours and return place tardily thereby striping themselves of the benefits of exercising. Parents must take an model life which can profit their kids by increasing consciousness on the wellness benefits of exerting on a regular basis. Bringing their kids for walks in the forenoon or eventide is a good start to accomplish this end. They should go members of nines which have swimming pools and gym installations. During the weekend. the household can beef up their bond by recessing to clubs for exercising and a healthy repast after that. In short. taking a healthy life style is a witting determination. One can disregard that and take a life that exposes one to many healthy jeopardies. it is of import to acknowledge that a healthy life ensures a longer life span every bit good as a life free of disease and complications. Essential Ways to Live HealthyDo you desire to hold a organic structure that can back up you good into your old age? Do you wish to hold mental lucidity. quality relationships. good working internal maps. or even an overall feeling of good being? Well. populating a healthy life style is what can acquire you at that place. or at least better your status. There are three specific things that you should make: 1. Exercise You shouldn’t be surprised that this one is on the list. It is ineluctable. Physical activity is indispensable to healthy life. The organic structure was meant to travel. and when it does non. it can go unhappy and sick. Physical activity stimulates the body’s natural care and fix systems that keep it traveling. It improves circulation to our bosom and lungs. It gives us strength to stave off hurts. and it increases the mobility in our musculuss and articulations. Physical activity besides releases endorphins ; the feel good endocrines that create a sense of general well being. Physical activity is good for the organic structure and the head. Exercises include alert walking. cycling. dance. swimming. rowing. egg-shaped exercises and jogging. Yoga. and Pilates are besides good exercising exercises ; nevertheless. they should be performed in concurrence with the cardiovascular-type exercises mentioned above. 2. Eating healthyEating a healthy diet is another portion of the healthy life style. Not merely can a clean diet aid with weight direction. it can besides better your wellness and quality of life as you get older. You can utilize the new MyPlate to find how many Calories you need and what nutrient groups you should concentrate on or. if you’re looking for smaller alterations. you can utilize these tips for simple ways to alter how you eat: * Eat more fruit. Add it to your cereal. your salads or even your dinners * Sneak in more vegetables. Add them wherever you can–a tomato on your sandwich. Piper nigrums on your pizza. or excess vegetables in your pasta sauce. Keep pre-cut or canned/frozen vegetables ready for speedy bites. * Switch your salad dressing. If you eat full-fat dressing. exchange to something lighter and you’ll automatically eat less Calories. * Eat low-fat or nonfat dairy. Switch overing to plane milk or fat free yoghurt is another simple manner to eat less Calories without holding to alter excessively much in your diet. * Make some replacements. Look through your cabinets or electric refrigerator and pick 3 nutrients you eat every twenty-four hours. Write down the nutritionary content and. the following clip you’re at the shop. happen lower-calorie replacements for merely those 3 points. 3. Simple Ways to Travel Your Body You can get down the procedure of weight loss now by adding a small more activity to your life. If you’re non ready for a structured plan. get down little. Every small spot counts and it all adds up to firing more Calories. * Turn off the Television. Once a hebdomad. turn off the Television and make something a little more physical with your household. Play games. take a walk†¦almost anything will be more active than sitting on the sofa. * Walk more. Look for little ways to walk more. When you get the mail. take a walk around the block. take the Canis familiaris for an excess outing each twenty-four hours or walk on your treadmill for 5 proceedingss before acquiring ready for work. * Do some jobs. Shoveling snow. working in the garden. raking foliages. brushing the floor†¦these sorts of activities may non be ‘vigorous’ exercising. but they can maintain you traveling while acquiring your house in order. * Pace while you talk. When you’re on the pho ne. gait around or even do some cleansing while gabbing. This is a great manner to remain traveling while making something you enjoy. * Be cognizant. Make a list of all the physical activities you do on a typical twenty-four hours. If you find that the majority of your clip is spent sitting. do another list of all the ways you could travel more–getting up each hr to stretch or walk. walk the stepss at work. etc. 4. Reduce emphasisWe have got to acquire rid of all of this emphasis. Stress happens when your life becomes out of balance physically. mentally or emotionally. This instability can be caused by internal emphasis like worrying excessively much. environmental emphasis like force per unit area from work. household or friends. or by emphasis from being fatigued or overworked. Bing stressed out has the possible to impact your wellness in a assortment of ways. You can go tired. sick. tense. cranky. and unable to believe clearly. If you want to populate a healthy life style. you will necessitate to pull off the emphasis in your life so that it does non catch you. This means taking charge of your ideas. emotions. undertakings. and environment to acquire your organic structure back in balance. Action Items Here are some specific action points for populating a healthy life style: 1. Use the nutrient pyramid as a usher to how much of what to eat 2. Eat less processed nutrients3. Reduce your sugar consumption4. Grill. furuncle. or bake nutrients instead than frying them5. Reduce the sum of meat you eat6. Eat a batch of fresh locally produced veggies and fruits 7. Avoid adding salt to your repasts after they have been cooked 8. Regulate your part sizes ( a part is about the size of your fist ) 9. Reduce your intoxicant ingestion 10. Reduce caffeine ingestion11. Don’t eat nutrients that have a lifetime guarantee ( unless we have some kind of catastrophe and you have been hive awaying them in your cellar for merely that instance ) 12. Stop smoke13. Laugh a batch14. Exercise at a moderate strength. for at least a half an hr three to five times per hebdomad. 15. Find ways to extinguish emphasis ( meditate. exercising. guided imagination. music ) 16. Give to others with no stringsattached 17. Smile at aliens18. Learn to state no19. Avoid people who put their emphasis on you20. Take control of your life

Definition of Air Pollution Essay Example

Definition of Air Pollution Essay Example Definition of Air Pollution Paper Definition of Air Pollution Paper 1. Definition of air pollution Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or cause damage to the natural environment or built environment, into the atmosphere. The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earths ecosystems. Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of the worlds worst pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute Worlds Worst Polluted Places report. [1] Define Air pollutants Pollutants Main articles: Pollutant and Greenhouse gas Before flue gas desulfurization was installed, the emissions from this power plant in New Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide. Schematic drawing, causes and effects of air pollution: (1) greenhouse effect, (2) particulate contamination, (3) increased UV radiation, (4) acid rain, (5) increased ground level ozone concentration, (6) increased levels of nitrogen oxides. A substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the environment is known as an air pollutant. Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. In addition, they may be natural or man-made. [2] Pollutants can be classified as primary or secondary. Usually, primary pollutants are directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption, the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or sulfur dioxide released from factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone  - one of the many secondary pollutants that make up photochemical smog. Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: that is, they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants. About 4 percent of deaths in the United States can be attributed to air pollution, according to the Environmental Science Engineering Program at the Harvard School of Public Health. [citation needed] Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include: * Sulfur oxides (SOx) especially sulphur dioxide, a chemical compound with the formula SO2. SO2 is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Since coal and petroleum often contain sulphur compounds, their combustion generates sulfur dioxide. Further oxidation of SO2, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO2, forms H2SO4, and thus acid rain. [2] This is one of the causes for concern over the environmental impact of the use of these fuels as power sources. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) especially nitrogen dioxide are emitted from high temperature combustion. Can be seen as the brown haze dome above or plume downwind of cities. Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula NO2. It is one of the several nitrogen oxides. This reddish-brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp, biting odor. NO2 is one of the most prominent air pollutants. * Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odorless, non-irritatin g but very poisonous gas. It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide. * Carbon dioxide (CO2) a colourless, odorless, non-toxic greenhouse gas associated with ocean acidification, emitted from sources such as combustion, cement production, and respiration * Volatile organic compounds VOCs are an important outdoor air pollutant. In this field they are often divided into the separate categories of methane (CH4) and non-methane (NMVOCs). Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gas which contributes to enhanced global warming. Other hydrocarbon VOCs are also significant greenhouse gases via their role in creating ozone and in prolonging the life of methane in the atmosphere, although the effect varies depending on local air quality. Within the NMVOCs, the aromatic compounds benzene, toluene and xylene are suspected carcinogens and may lead to leukemia through prolonged exposure. 1,3-butadiene is another dangerous compound which is often associated with industrial uses. * Particulate matter Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM) or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas. In contrast, aerosol refers to particles and the gas together. Sources of particulate matter can be man made or natural. Some particulates occur naturally, originating from volcanoes, dust storms, forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray. Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants and various industrial processes also generate significant amounts of aerosols. Averaged over the globe, anthropogenic aerosols- those made by human activities- currently account for about 10 percent of the total amount of aerosols in our atmosphere. Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart disease,[3] altered lung function and lung cancer. * Persistent free radicals connected to airborne fine particles could cause cardiopulmonary disease. [4][5] * Toxic metals, such as lead, cadmium and copper. * Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) harmful to the ozone layer emitted from products currently banned from use. * Ammonia (NH3) emitted from agricultural processes. Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH3. It is normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent odor. Ammonia contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to foodstuffs and fertilizers. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals. Although in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous. * Odors  - such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes * Radioactive pollutants produced by nuclear explosions, war explosives, and natural processes such as the radioactive decay of radon. Secondary pollutants include: Particulate matter formed from gaseous primary pollutants and compounds in photochemical smog. Smog is a kind of air pollution; the word smog is a portmanteau of smoke and fog. Classic smog results from large amounts of coal burning in an area caused by a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide. Modern smog does not usually come from coal but from vehicular and industrial emissions that are acted on in the atmosphere by ultraviolet light from the sun to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog. Ground level ozone (O3) formed from NOx and VOCs. Ozone (O3) is a key constituent of the troposphere. It is also an important constituent of certain regions of the stratosphere commonly known as the Ozone layer. Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it drive many of the chemical processes that occur in the atmosphere by day and by night. At abnormally high concentrations brought about by human activities (largely the combustion of fossil fuel), it is a pollutant, and a constituent of smog. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) similarly formed from NOx and VOCs. Minor air pollutants include: * A large number of minor hazardous air pollutants. Some of these are regulated in USA under the Clean Air Act and in Europe under the Air Framework Directive. * A variety of persistent organic pollutants, which can attach to particulate matter. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic comp ounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical, biological, and photolytic processes. Because of this, they have been observed to persist in the environment, to be capable of long-range transport, bioaccumulate in human and animal tissue, biomagnify in food chains, and to have potential significant impacts on human health and the environment. Sources Main article: AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors Dust storm approaching Stratford, Texas Controlled burning of a field outside of Statesboro, Georgia in preparation for spring planting Sources of air pollution refer to the various locations, activities or factors which are responsible for the releasing of pollutants into the atmosphere. These sources can be classified into two major categories which are: Anthropogenic sources (human activity) mostly related to burning different kinds of fuel * Stationary Sources include smoke stacks of power plants, manufacturing facilities (factories) and waste incinerators, as well as furnaces and other types of fuel-burning heating devices * Mobile Sources include motor vehicles, marine vessels, aircraft and the effect of sound etc. * Chemicals, dust and controlled burn practices in agriculture and forestry management. Controlled or prescribed burning is a technique sometimes used in forest management, farming, prairie restoration or greenhouse gas abatement. Fire is a natural part of both forest and grassland ecology and controlled fire can be a tool for foresters. Controlled burning stimulates the germination of some desirable forest trees, thus renewing the forest. * Fumes from paint, hair spray, varnish, aerosol sprays and other solvents * Waste deposition in landfills, which generate methane. Methane is not toxic; however, it is highly flammable and may form explosive mixtures with air. Methane is also an asphyxiant and may displace oxygen in an enclosed space. Asphyxia or suffocation may result if the oxygen concentration is reduced to below 19. 5% by displacement * Military, such as nuclear weapons, toxic gases, germ warfare and rocketry Natural sources * Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little or no vegetation * Methane, emitted by the digestion of food by animals, for example cattle * Radon gas from radioactive decay within the Earths crust. Radon is a colorless, odorless, naturally occurring, radioactive noble gas that is formed from the decay of radium. It is considered to be a health hazard. Radon gas from natural sources can accumulate in buildings, especially in confined areas such as the basement and it is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer, after cigarette smoking * Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires * Vegetation, in some regions, emits environmentally significant amounts of VOCs on warmer days. These VOCs react with primary anthropogenic pollutants- specifically, NOx, SO2, and anthropogenic organic carbon compounds- to produce a seasonal haze of secondary pollutants. 6] * Volcanic activity, which produce sulfur, chlorine, and ash particulates Emission factors Main article: AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors Air pollutant emission factors are representative values that people attempt to relate the quantity of a pollutant released to the ambient air with an activity associated with the release of that pollutant. These factors are usually expressed as the weight of pollutant divided by a unit wei ght, volume, distance, or duration of the activity emitting the pollutant (e. g. , kilograms of particulate emitted per megagram of coal burned). Such factors facilitate estimation of emissions from various sources of air pollution. In most cases, these factors are simply averages of all available data of acceptable quality, and are generally assumed to be representative of long-term averages. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has published a compilation of air pollutant emission factors for a multitude of industrial sources. [7] The United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and many other countries have published similar compilations, as well as the European Environment Agency. [8][9][10][11][12] Indoor air quality (IAQ) Main article: Indoor air quality A lack of ventilation indoors concentrates air pollution where people often spend the majority of their time. Radon (Rn) gas, a carcinogen, is exuded from the Earth in certain locations and trapped inside houses. Building materials including carpeting and plywood emit formaldehyde (H2CO) gas. Paint and solvents give off volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as they dry. Lead paint can degenerate into dust and be inhaled. Intentional air pollution is introduced with the use of air fresheners, incense, and other scented items. Controlled wood fires in stoves and fireplaces can add significant amounts of smoke particulates into the air, inside and out. [13] Indoor pollution fatalities may be caused by using pesticides and other chemical sprays indoors without proper ventilation. Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning and fatalities are often caused by faulty vents and chimneys, or by the burning of charcoal indoors. Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning can result even from poorly adjusted pilot lights. Traps are built into all domestic plumbing to keep sewer gas, hydrogen sulfide, out of interiors. Clothing emits tetrachloroethylene, or other dry cleaning fluids, for days after dry cleaning. Though its use has now been banned in many countries, the extensive use of asbestos in industrial and domestic environments in the past has left a potentially very dangerous material in many localities. Asbestosis is a chronic inflammatory medical condition affecting the tissue of the lungs. It occurs after long-term, heavy exposure to asbestos from asbestos-containing materials in structures. Sufferers have severe dyspnea (shortness of breath) and are at an increased risk regarding several different types of lung cancer. As clear explanations are not always stressed in non-technical literature, care should be taken to distinguish between several forms of relevant diseases. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO)[dead link], these may defined as; asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma (generally a very rare form of cancer, when more widespread it is almost always associated with prolonged exposure to asbestos). Biological sources of air pollution are also found indoors, as gases and airborne particulates. Pets produce dander, people produce dust from minute skin flakes and decomposed hair, dust mites in bedding, carpeting and furniture produce enzymes and micrometre-sized fecal droppings, inhabitants emit methane, mold forms in walls and generates mycotoxins and spores, air conditioning systems can incubate Legionnaires disease and mold, and houseplants, soil and surrounding gardens can produce pollen, dust, and mold. Indoors, the lack of air circulation allows these airborne pollutants to accumulate more than they would otherwise occur in nature. Health effects The World Health Organization states that 2. 4 million people die each year from causes directly attributable to air pollution, with 1. 5 million of these deaths attributable to indoor air pollution. [14] Epidemiological studies suggest that more than 500,000 Americans die each year from cardiopulmonary disease linked to breathing fine particle air pollution. . . [15] A study by the University of Birmingham has shown a strong correlation between pneumonia related deaths and air pollution from motor vehicles. [16] Worldwide more deaths per year are linked to air pollution than to automobile accidents. citation needed] Published in 2005 suggests that 310,000 Europeans die from air pollution annually. [citation needed] Causes of deaths include aggravated asthma, emphysema, lung and heart diseases, and respiratory allergies. [citation needed] The US EPA estimates that a proposed set of changes in diesel engine technology (Tier 2) could result in 12,000 fewer premature mortalities, 15,000 fewer heart attacks, 6,000 fewer emergency room visits by children with asthma, and 8,900 fewer respiratory-related hospital admissions each year in the United States. citation needed] The worst short term civilian pollution crisis in India was the 1984 Bhopal Disaster. [17] Leaked industrial vapors from the Union Carbide factory, belonging to Union Carbide, Inc. , U. S. A. , killed more than 25,000 people outright and injured anywhere from 150,000 to 600,000. The United Kingdom suffered its worst air pollution event when the December 4 Great Smog of 1952 formed over London. In six days more than 4,000 died, and 8,000 more died within the following months. citation needed] An accidental leak of anthrax spores from a biological warfare laboratory in the former USSR in 1979 near Sverdlovsk is believed to have been the cause of hundreds of civilian deaths. [citation needed] The worst single incident of air pollution to occur in the United States of America occurred in Donora, Pennsylv ania in late October, 1948, when 20 people died and over 7,000 were injured. [18] The health effects caused by air pollution may include difficulty in breathing, wheezing, coughing and aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiac conditions. These effects can result in increased medication use, increased doctor or emergency room visits, more hospital admissions and premature death. The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the bodys respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, the degree of exposure, the individuals health status and genetics. citation needed] A new economic study of the health impacts and associated costs of air pollution in the Los Angeles Basin and San Joaquin Valley of Southern California shows that more than 3800 people die prematurely (approximately 14 years earlier than normal) each year because air pollution levels violate federal standards. The number of annual premature deaths is considerably higher than the fatalities related to auto collisions in the same area, which average fewer than 2,000 per year. [19] Diesel exhaust (DE) is a major contributor to combustion derived particulate matter air pollution. In several human experimental studies, using a well validated exposure chamber setup, DE has been linked to acute vascular dysfunction and increased thrombus formation. [20][21] This serves as a plausible mechanistic link between the previously described association between particulate matter air pollution and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Effects on cystic fibrosis Main article: Cystic fibrosis A study from around the years of 1999 to 2000, by the University of Washington, showed that patients near and around particulate matter air ollution had an increased risk of pulmonary exacerbations and decrease in lung function. [22] Patients were examined before the study for amounts of specific pollutants like Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Burkholderia cenocepacia as well as their socioeconomic standing. Participants involved in the study were located in the United States in close proximity to an Environmental Protection Agency. [clarification needed] During the time of the study 117 deaths were associated with air pollution. Many patients in the study lived in or near large metropolitan areas in order to be close to medical help. These same patients had higher level of pollutants found in their system because of more emissions in larger cities. As cystic fibrosis patients already suffer from decreased lung function, everyday pollutants such as smoke, emissions from automobiles, tobacco smoke and improper use of indoor heating devices could further compromise lung function. [23] Effects on COPD Main article: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes diseases such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and some forms of asthma. 24] A study conducted in 1960-1961 in the wake of the Great Smog of 1952 compared 293 London residents with 477 residents of Gloucester, Peterborough, and Norwich, three towns with low reported death rates from chronic bronchitis. All subjects were male postal truck drivers aged 40 to 59. Compared to the subjects from the outlying towns, the London subjects exhibited more severe respiratory symptoms (including cough, phlegm, and dyspnea), redu ced lung function (FEV1 and peak flow rate), and increased sputum production and purulence. The differences were more pronounced for subjects aged 50 to 59. The study controlled for age and smoking habits, so concluded that air pollution was the most likely cause of the observed differences. [25] It is believed that much like cystic fibrosis, by living in a more urban environment serious health hazards become more apparent. Studies have shown that in urban areas patients suffer mucus hypersecretion, lower levels of lung function, and more self diagnosis of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. [26] Effects on children Cities around the world with high exposure to air pollutants have the possibility of children living within them to develop asthma, pneumonia and other lower respiratory infections as well as a low initial birth rate. Protective measures to ensure the youths health are being taken in cities such as New Delhi, India where buses now use compressed natural gas to help eliminate the â€Å"pea-soup† smog. [27] Research by the World Health Organization shows there is the greatest concentration of particulate matter particles in countries with low economic world power and high poverty and population rates. Examples of these countries include Egypt, Sudan, Mongolia, and Indonesia. In the United States, the Clean Air Act was passed in 1970, however in 2002 at least 146 million Americans were living in non-attainment areas- regions in which the concentration of certain air pollutants exceeded federal standards. [28] Those pollutants are known as the criteria pollutants, and include ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and lead. Because children are outdoors more and have higher minute ventilation they are more susceptible to the dangers of air pollution. Health effects in relatively clean areas Even in areas with relatively low levels of air pollution, public health effects can be significant and costly. This is because effects can occur at very low levels and a large number of people breathe in such pollutants. A 2005 scientific study for the British Columbia Lung Association showed that a small improvement in air quality (1% reduction of ambient PM2. 5 and ozone concentrations) would produce a $29 million in annual savings in the Metro Vancouver region in 2010. 29] This finding is based on health valuation of lethal (death) and sub-lethal (illness) effects. Reduction efforts There are various air pollution control technologies and land use planning strategies available to reduce air pollution. At its most basic level land use planning is likely to involve zoning and transport infrastructure planning. In most developed countries, land use planning is an important part of social policy, ensuring that land is used efficiently for the benefit of the wider economy and population as well as to protect the environment. Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources includes primary regulation (many developing countries have permissive regulations),[citation needed] expanding regulation to new sources (such as cruise and transport ships, farm equipment, and small gas-powered equipment such as lawn trimmers, chainsaws, and snowmobiles), increased fuel efficiency (such as through the use of hybrid vehicles), conversion to cleaner fuels (such as bioethanol, biodiesel, or conversion to electric vehicles). Control devices The following items are commonly used as pollution control devices by industry or transportation devices. They can either destroy contaminants or remove them from an exhaust stream before it is emitted into the atmosphere. * Particulate control * Mechanical collectors (dust cyclones, multicyclones) * Electrostatic precipitators An electrostatic precipitator (ESP), or electrostatic air cleaner is a particulate collection device that removes particles from a flowing gas (such as air) using the force of an induced electrostatic charge. Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration devices that minimally impede the flow of gases through the device, and can easily remove fine particulate matter such as dust and smoke from the air stream. * Baghouses Designed to handle heavy dust loads, a dust collector consists of a blower, dust filter, a filter-cleaning system, and a dust receptacle or dust removal system (distinguished from air cleaners which utilize disposable filters to remove the dust). * * Particulate scrubbersWet scrubber is a form of pollution control technology. The term describes a variety of devices that use pollutants from a furnace flue gas or from other gas streams. In a wet scrubber, the polluted gas stream is brought into contact with the scrubbing liquid, by spraying it with the liquid, by forcing it through a pool of liquid, or by some other contact method, so as to remove the pollutants. * Scrubbers * Baffle spray scrubber * Cyclonic spray scrubber * Ejector venturi scrubber * Mechanically aided scrubber * Spray tower * Wet scrubber * NOx control Low NOx burners * Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) * Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) * NOx scrubbers * Exhaust gas recirculation * Catalytic converter (also for VOC control) * VOC abatement * Adsorption systems, such as activated carbon * Flares * Thermal oxidizers * Catalytic converters * Biofilters * Absorption (scrubbing) * Cryogenic condensers * Vapor recovery systems * Acid Gas/SO2 control * Wet scrubbers * Dry scrubbers * Flue gas desulfurization * Mercury control * Sorbe nt Injection Technology Electro-Catalytic Oxidation (ECO) * K-Fuel * Dioxin and furan control * Miscellaneous associated equipment * Source capturing systems * Continuous emissions monitoring systems (CEMS) Legal regulations Smog in Cairo In general, there are two types of air quality standards. The first class of standards (such as the U. S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards and E. U. Air Quality Directive) set maximum atmospheric concentrations for specific pollutants. Environmental agencies enact regulations which are intended to esult in attainment of these target levels. The second class (such as the North American Air Quality Index) take the form of a scale with various thresholds, which is used to communicate to the public the relative risk of outdoor activity. The scale may or may not distinguish between different pollutants. Cities Air pollution is usually concentrated in densely populated metropolitan areas, especially in developing countries where environmental regul ations are relatively lax or nonexistent. However, even populated areas in developed countries attain unhealthy levels of pollution. Governing Urban Air Pollution – a regional example (London) In Europe, Council Directive 96/62/EC on ambient air quality assessment and management provides a common strategy against which member states can â€Å"set objectives for ambient air quality in order to avoid, prevent or reduce harmful effects on human health and the environment . . . and improve air quality where it is unsatisfactory†. 30] On 25 July 2008 in the case Dieter Janecek v Freistaat Bayern CURIA, the European Court of Justice ruled that under this directive[30] citizens have the right to require national authorities to implement a short term action plan that aims to maintain or achieve compliance to air quality limit values. [31] This important case law appears to confirm the role of the EC as centralised regulator to European nation-states as regards air pollution control. It places a supranational legal obli gation on the UK to protect its citizens from dangerous levels of air pollution, furthermore superseding national interests with those of the citizen. In 2010, the European Commission (EC) threatened the UK with legal action against the successive breaching of PM10 limit values. [32] The UK government has identified that if fines are imposed, they could cost the nation upwards of ? 300 million per year. [33] In March 2011, the City of London remains the only UK region in breach of the EC’s limit values, and has been given 3 months to implement an emergency action plan aimed at meeting the EU Air Quality Directive. [34] The City of London has dangerous levels of PM10 concentrations, estimated to cause 3000 deaths per year within the city. 35] As well as the threat of EU fines, in 2010 it was threatened with legal action for scrapping the western congestion charge zone, which is claimed to have led to an increase in air pollution levels. [36] In response to these charges, Boris Johnson, Mayor of London, has criticised the current need for European cities to communicate with Europe through their nation state’s central go vernment, arguing that in future â€Å"A great city like London† should be permitted to bypass its government and deal directly with the European Commission regarding its air quality action plan. 34] In part, this is an attempt to divert blame away from the Mayors office, but it can also be interpreted as recognition that cities can transcend the traditional national government organisational hierarchy and develop solutions to air pollution using global governance networks, for example through transnational relations. Transnational relations include but are not exclusive to national governments and intergovernmental organisations [37] allowing sub-national actors including cities and regions to partake in air pollution control as independent actors. Particularly promising at present are global city partnerships. [38] These can be built into networks, for example the C40 network, of which London is a member. The C40 is a public ‘non-state’ network of the world’s leading cities that aims to curb their greenhouse emissions. [38] The C40 has been identified as ‘governance from the middle’ and is an alternative to intergovernmental policy. [39] It has the potential to improve urban air quality as participating cities â€Å"exchange information, learn from best practices and consequently mitigate carbon dioxide emissions independently from national government decisions†. 38] A criticism of the C40 network is that its exclusive nature limits influence to participating cities and risks drawing resources away from less powerful city and regional actors. Carbon dioxide emissions Total CO2 emissions Main article: List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions Per capita CO2 emissions[41] Main article: List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita Atmospheric dispersion Main article: Atmospheric dispersion modeling The basic technology for analyzing air pollution is through the use of a variety of mathematical models for predicting the transport of air pollutants in the lower atmosphere. The principal methodologies are: * Point source dispersion, used for industrial sources. * Line source dispersion, used for airport and roadway air dispersion modeling * Area source dispersion, used for forest fires or duststorms * Photochemical models, used to analyze reactive pollutants that form smog Visualization of a buoyant Gaussian air pollution dispersion plume as used in many atmospheric dispersion models The point source problem is the best understood, since it involves simpler mathematics and has been studied for a long period of time, dating back to about the year 1900. It uses a Gaussian dispersion model for buoyant pollution plumes to forecast the air pollution isopleths, with consideration given to wind velocity, stack height, emission rate and stability class (a measure of atmospheric turbulence). [42][43] This model has been extensively validated and calibrated with experimental data for all sorts of atmospheric conditions. The roadway air dispersion model was developed starting in the late 1950s and early 1960s in response to requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act and the U. S. Department of Transportation (then known as the Federal Highway Administration) to understand impacts of proposed new highways upon air quality, especially in urban areas. Several research groups were active in this model development, among which were: the Environmental Research and Technology (ERT) group in Lexington, Massachusetts, the ESL Inc. group in Sunnyvale, California and the California Air Resources Board group in Sacramento, California. The research of the ESL group received a boost with a contract award from the United States Environmental Protection Agency to validate a line source model using sulfur hexafluoride as a tracer gas. This program was successful in validating the line source model developed by ESL inc. Some of the earliest uses of the model were in court cases involving highway air pollution, the Arlington, Virginia portion of Interstate 66 and the New Jersey Turnpike widening project through East Brunswick, New Jersey. Area source models were developed in 1971 through 1974 by the ERT and ESL groups, but addressed a smaller fraction of total air pollution emissions, so that their use and need was not as widespread as the line source model, hich enjoyed hundreds of different applications as early as the 1970s. Similarly photochemical models were developed primarily in the 1960s and 1970s, but their use was more specialized and for regional needs, such as understanding smog formation in Los Angeles, California. What Are the Six Common Air Pollutants? The Clean Air Act requires EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for six common air pollutants. These commonly found air pollutants (also k nown as criteria pollutants) are found all over the United States. They are particle pollution (often referred to as particulate matter), ground-level ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and lead. These pollutants can harm your health and the environment, and cause property damage. Of the six pollutants, particle pollution and ground-level ozone are the most widespread health threats. EPA calls these pollutants criteria air pollutants because it regulates them by developing human health-based and/or environmentally-based criteria (science-based guidelines) for setting permissible levels. The set of limits based on human health is called primary standards. Another set of limits intended to prevent environmental and property damage is called secondary standards. Click on one of the pollutants below for information on sources of the pollutant, why the pollutant is of concern, health and environmental effects, efforts underway to help reduce the pollutant, and other helpful resources. * Ozone * Particulate Matter * Carbon Monoxide * Nitrogen Oxides * Sulfur Dioxide * Lead Air Pollution Trends For each of these pollutants, EPA tracks two kinds of air pollution trends: air concentrations based on actual measurements of pollutant concentrations in the ambient (outside) air at selected monitoring sites throughout the country, and emissions based on engineering estimates of the total tons of pollutants released into the air each year. Despite the progress made in the last 30 years, millions of people live in counties with monitor data showing unhealthy air for one or more of the six common air pollutants. For EPAs most recent evaluation of air pollution trends for these six pollutants, click on the following: * Latest Findings on National Air Quality: Status and Trends Health Effects Information Exposure to these pollutants is associated with numerous effects on human health, including increased respiratory symptoms, hospitalization for heart or lung diseases, and even premature death. Try these helpful resources: * Air Quality Index (AQI) * Ozone Good Up High, Bad Nearby * Ozone and Your Health * Particle Pollution and Your Health * Air Quality Guide for Ozone Air Quality Guide for Particle Pollution * Smog Who Does it Hurt? State Implementation Plan Status and Information EPA must designate areas as meeting (attainment) or not meeting (nonattainment) the standard. The Clean Air Act (CAA) requires states to develop a general plan to attain and maintain the NAAQS in all areas of the country and a specific plan to attain the standards for each area designated nonattainment for a NAAQ S. These plans, known as State Implementation Plans or SIPs, are developed by state and local air quality management agencies and submitted to EPA for approval. Detailed information about state SIP elements and their status can be found on the State Implementation Plan Status and Information page. Pollutants in the Ambient Air ;;Previous Next;; | + Air Pollution Menu The composition of unpolluted air is unknown to us. Humans have lived on the planet thousands of years and influenced the composition of the air through their many activities before it was possible to measure the constituents of the air. Air is a complex mixture made up of many chemical components. The primary components of air are nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), and water vapor (H2O). About 99 percent of air is nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%). The remaining percent includes trace quantities of substances such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), hydrogen (H2), argon (Ar) and helium (He). Figure:Whats in the air? In theory, the air has always been polluted to some degree. Natural phenomena such as volcanoes, wind storms, the decomposition of plants and animals, and even the aerosols emitted by the ocean pollute the air. However, the pollutants we usually refer to when we talk about air pollution are those generated as a result of human activity. An air pollutant can be considered as a substance in the air that, in high enough concentrations, produces a detrimental environmental effect. These effects can be either health effects or welfare effects. A pollutant can affect the health of humans, as well as the health of plants and animals. Pollutants can also affect non-living materials such as paints, metals, and fabrics. An environmental effect is defined as a measurable or perceivable detrimental change resulting from contact with an air pollutant. Human activities have had a detrimental effect on the makeup of air. Activities such as driving cars and trucks, burning of coal, oil and other fossil fuels, and manufacturing chemicals have changed the composition of air by introducing many pollutants. There are hundreds of pollutants in the ambient air. Ambient air is the air to which the general public has access, i. e. any unconfined portion of the atmosphere. The two basic physical forms of air pollutants are particulate matter and gases. Particulate matter includes small solid and liquid particles such as dust, smoke, sand, pollen, mist, and fly ash. Gases include substances such as carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NO2), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Pollutants can also be classified as either primary pollutants or secondary pollutants. A primary pollutant is one that is emitted into the atmosphere directly from the source of the pollutant and retains the same chemical form. An example of a primary pollutant is the ash produced by the burning of solid waste. A secondary pollutant is one that is formed by atmospheric reactions of precursor or primary emissions. Secondary pollutants undergo a hemical change once they reach the atmosphere. An example of a secondary pollutant is ozone created from organic vapors given off at a gasoline station. The organic vapors react with sunlight in the atmosphere to produce the ozone, the primary component of smog. Control of secondary pollutants is generally more problematic than that of primary pollutants, because mitigation of secondary pollutants requires the identification of the precursor compounds and their sources as well as an understanding of the specific chemical reactions that result in the formation of the secondary pollutants. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has further classified ambient air pollutants for regulatory purposes as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) and criteria pollutants. Criteria pollutants are pollutants that have been identified as being both common and detrimental to human welfare and are found over all the United States (ubiquitous pollutants). EPA currently designates six pollutants as criteria pollutants. These criteria pollutants are: carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3), lead (Pb), and particulate matter (PM). On the other hand, EPA refers to chemicals that cause serious health and environmental hazards as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) or air toxics. Hazardous air pollutants are those pollutants that are known or suspected to cause cancer or other serious health effects, such as reproductive effects or birth defects, or adverse environmental effects. Units 5 and 6 of this module discuss in more details the criteria pollutants and the hazardous air pollutants. Causes of air pollution Air pollution is something that we cannot really ignore now-a-days. This is evident from the moment we step out of our house and are greeted with black colored smog that hits us directly reminding us that breathing clean air is more of a distant dream. It is so easy for us to endlessly rant and rave about the causes of air pollution and its ill effects, but little do we realize that each person is responsible for all the causes of air pollution and the situation that we face today. Take a look around you at the dismal state of affairs. The thick smog that is seen in the morning hours is not really due to somebody else but rather due to each and every one of us. Here is a look at the causes of air pollution and how it can affect us if the matter is not taken care of at this stage itself. Causes of Air Pollution: Carbon dioxide is one the main pollutants that causes air pollution. This is because, although living beings do exhale carbon dioxide, this gas is harmful when emitted from other sources, which are caused due to human activity. An additional release of carbon dioxide happens due to various such activities. Carbon dioxide gas is used in various industries such as the oil industry and the chemical industry. The manufacturing process of most products would require the use of this gas. There are various human activities that add to the increased proportions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The combustion of fossil fuels and the harmful effects of deforestation have all contributed towards the same. show that amongst the various gasses emitted during a volcanic eruption, carbon dioxide remains to be at least 40% of the emission. Scientists have now therefore identified carbon dioxide as one of those elements that have contributed to global warming. Causes of air pollution are not limited to this. The combustion of fuels in automobiles, jet planes etc all cause the release of several primary pollutants into the air. The burning of fossil fuels in big cities which is seen at most factories, offices and even a large number of homes, it is no wonder that air pollution is increasing at an alarming rate. The release of other harmful gases all adds to the state that we see today. Although carbon dioxide plays an important role in various other processes like photosynthesis, breathing an excess of the same also causes harmful effects towards one’s health. The various causes of air pollution that releases harmful gases into the atmosphere are caused due to the increasing number of power plants and manufacturing units or industries that mostly have activities related to the burning of fuels. Besides, as mentioned earlier, most automobiles, marine vessels, activities that involve the burning of wood, fumes that are released from aerosol sprays, military activities that involve the use of nuclear weapons, all are the numerous causes of air pollution. Carbon monoxide is another such gas which, although was present in the atmosphere earlier, is now considered to be a major pollutant. An excess of the same has a harmful effect on our system. There are many reasons why carbon monoxide can be released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities. This is also produced due to any fuel burning appliance and appliances such as gas water heaters, fireplaces, woodstoves, gas stoves, gas dryers, yard equipments as well as automobiles, which add to the increased proportion of this gas into the atmosphere. Sulfur dioxide is yet another harmful pollutant that causes air pollution. Sulfur dioxide is emitted largely to the excessive burning of fossil fuels, petroleum refineries, chemical and coal burning power plants etc. Nitrogen dioxide when combined with sulfur dioxide can even cause a harmful reaction in the atmosphere that can cause acid rain. Nitrogen dioxide is one more gas that is emitted into the atmosphere as a result of various human activities. An excess of nitrogen dioxide mainly happens due to most power plants seen in major cities, the burning of fuels due to various motor vehicles and other such sources, whether industrial or commercial that cause the increase in the levels of nitrogen dioxide. These and a number of other hazardous air pollutants are emitted with the various numbers of activities that we carry out during the day which are the main causes of air pollution. How you can help to prevent Air Pollution: * Carpool- This will help to reduce the number of vehicles on the already congested roads. * Always keep your car tuned properly so that it remains in a good condition. * Save energy- Try to use minimum amounts of natural gas and even electricity. Whenever possible, avoid the use of air conditioner and use a fan instead. * Always buy recycled products. * Reuse things such as paper and plastic bags, paper etc. This will contribute a lot towards reducing the effects of air pollution and global warming. * Avoid the use of firecrackers. You don’t really need it to express your feeling of happiness. * Go in for water-based paints instead of varnishes. * If you really cannot avoid using your car, plan your work systematically to reduce air pollution. The causes of air pollution can be many to name if one really scrutinizes this subject closely. With a little effort from our side, we can help to reduce the harmful effects of air pollution so that we can breathe in a clean and healthy environment. | Causes continue 10 Causes of Air Pollution By Nicky LaMarco, eHow Contributor 1. * Air pollution is caused by a wide variety of things. The earth is great at cleaning the air on its own. However, air pollution has grown so much, the earth can no longer clean all of it. This is starting to have adverse effects on the environment such as causing acid rain, smog and a wide variety of health problems. 2. Combustion Engine Exhaust * Cars, trucks, jet airplanes and other combustion engine vehicles cause air pollution. The exhaust from these contains carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide and gaseous oxide. This type of air pollution creates smog (as seen in Los Angeles) which causes respiratory health problems and holes in the ozone layer, which increases the exposure to the suns harmful rays. Factories * Factories, office buildings, homes and power-generating stations burn fossil fuels, which cause air pollution. The burning of oil and coal (fossil fuels) also contributes to smog. This air pollution destroys plants, damages buildings and creates oxidation on iron. Petroleum * Petroleum refineries release hydrocarbons and various particulates that pollute the air. Power Lines * Some power lines are not insulated and are high voltage. This creates air pollution. Pesticides * Pesticides used to kill indoor and outdoor pests, insecticides used to kill insects and herbicides use to kill weeds all cause air pollution. Radioactive Fallout * Radioactive fallout causes air pollution from the nuclear energy dispersed, which is a dust. Fertilizer Dust * Dust from fertilizers used to help plants grow causes air pollution. Indoor Air Pollution * Sick building syndrome (SBS) is the term used when there is indoor air pollution. This happens when there is not enough ventilation to disburse the toxic fumes from new carpet, paint and/or cleaning chemicals that are used indoors. Mold can also cause SBS. Mining Operations * Mining causes air pollution by releasing a variety of particles. Mills and Plants * Mills and plants, include paper mills, chemical plants, iron mills, steel mills, cement plants and asphalt plants, release emissions into the air causing air pollution. * Diabetes Typestalabidiabetescentre. org Understanding the types of Diabetes easily