Definition and Examples of Native Languages

In most cases, the term native language refers to the language that a person acquires in early childhood because it is spoken in the family and/or it is the language of the region where the child lives. Also known as a mother tongue, first language, or arterial language. A person who has more than one native language is regarded as bilingual or multilingual. Contemporary linguists and educators commonly use the term L1 to refer to a first or native language, and the term L2 to refer to a second language or a foreign language thats being studied. As David Crystal has observed, the term native language (like native speaker) has become a sensitive one in those parts of the world where native has developed demeaning connotations (Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics). The term is avoided by some specialists in World English and New Englishes. Examples and Observations [Leonard] Bloomfield (1933) defines a native language as one learned on ones mothers knee, and claims that no one is perfectly sure in a language that is acquired later. The first language a human being learns to speak is his native language; he is a native speaker of this language (1933: 43). This definition equates a native speaker with a mother tongue speaker. Bloomfields definition also assumes that age is the critical factor in language learning and that native speakers provide the best models, although he does say that, in rare instances, it is possible for a foreigner to speak as well as a native. . . .The assumptions behind all these terms are that a person will speak the language they learn first better than languages they learn later, and that a person who learns a language later cannot speak it as well as a person who has learned the language as their first language. But it is clearly not necessarily true that the language a person learns first is the one they will always be best at . . ..(Andy Kirkpatrick, World Englishes: Implications for International Communication and English Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press, 2007)​ Native Language Acquisition A native language is generally the first one a child is exposed to. Some early studies referred to the process of learning ones first or native language as First Language Acquisition or FLA, but because many, perhaps most, children in the world are exposed to more than one language almost from birth, a child may have more than one native language. As a consequence, specialists now prefer the term native language acquisition (NLA); it is more accurate and includes all sorts of childhood situations.(Fredric Field, Bilingualism in the USA: The Case of the Chicano-Latino Community. John Benjamins, 2011) Language Acquisition and Language Change Our native language is like a second skin, so much a part of us we resist the idea that it is constantly changing, constantly being renewed. Though we know intellectually that the English we speak today and the English of Shakespeares time are very different, we tend to think of them as the same--static rather than dynamic.(Casey Miller and Kate Swift, The Handbook of Nonsexist Writing, 2nd ed. iUniverse, 2000)Languages change because they are used by human beings, not machines. Human beings share common physiological and cognitive characteristics, but members of a speech community differ slightly in their knowledge and use of their shared language. Speakers of different regions, social classes, and generations use language differently in different situations (register variation). As children acquire their native language, they are exposed to this synchronic variation within their language. For example, speakers of any generation use more and less formal language depending on the sit uation. Parents (and other adults) tend to use more informal language to children. Children may acquire some informal features of the language in preference to their formal alternatives, and incremental changes in the language (tending toward greater informality) accumulate over generations. (This may help explain why each generation seems to feel that following generations are ruder and less eloquent, and are corrupting the language!) When a later generation acquires an innovation in the language introduced by a previous generation, the language changes.(Shaligram Shukla and Jeff Connor-Linton, Language Change. An Introduction to Language And Linguistics, ed. by Ralph W. Fasold and Jeff Connor-Linton. Cambridge University Press, 2006) Margaret Cho on Her Native Language It was hard for me to do the show [All-American Girl] because a lot of people didnt even understand the concept of Asian-American. I was on a morning show, and the host said, Awright, Margaret, were changing over to an ABC affiliate! So why dont you tell our viewers in your native language that were making that transition? So I looked at the camera and said, Um, theyre changing over to an ABC affiliate.(Margaret Cho, I Have Chosen to Stay and Fight. Penguin, 2006) Joanna Czechowska on Reclaiming a Native Language As a child growing up in Derby [England] in the 60s I spoke Polish beautifully, thanks to my grandmother. While my mother went out to work, my grandmother, who spoke no English, looked after me, teaching me to speak her native tongue. Babcia, as we called her, dressed in black with stout brown shoes, wore her grey hair in a bun, and carried a walking stick. But my love affair with Polish culture began to fade when I was five--the year Babcia died.My sisters and I continued to go to Polish school, but the language would not return. Despite the efforts of my father, even a family trip to Poland in 1965 could not bring it back. When six years later my father died too, at just 53, our Polish connection almost ceased to exist. I left Derby and went to university in London. I never spoke Polish, never ate Polish food nor visited Poland. My childhood was gone and almost forgotten.Then in 2004, more than 30 years later, things changed again. A new wave of Polish immigrants had arrived and I began to hear the language of my childhood all around me--every time I got on a bus. I saw Polish newspapers in the capital and Polish food for sale in the shops. The language sounded so familiar yet somehow distant--as if it were something I tried to grab but was always out of reach. I began to write a novel [The Black Madonna of Derby] about a fictional Polish family and, at the same time, decided to enroll at a Polish language school. Each week I went through half-remembered phrases, getting bogged down in the intricate grammar and impossible inflections. When my book was published, it put me back in touch with school friends who like me were second-generation Polish. And strangely, in my language classes, I still had my accent and I found words and phrases would sometimes come unbidden, long lost speech patterns making a sudden reappearance. I had found my childhood again. Source: Joanna Czechowska, After My Polish Grandmother Died, I Did Not Speak Her Native Language for 40 Years. The Guardian, July 15, 2009 Margaret Cho,  I Have Chosen to Stay and Fight. Penguin, 2006 Shaligram Shukla and Jeff Connor-Linton, Language Change.  An Introduction to Language And Linguistics, ed. by Ralph W. Fasold and Jeff Connor-Linton. Cambridge University Press, 2006 Casey Miller and Kate Swift,  The Handbook of Nonsexist Writing, 2nd ed. iUniverse, 2000 Fredric Field,  Bilingualism in the USA: The Case of the Chicano-Latino Community. John Benjamins, 2011 Andy Kirkpatrick,  World Englishes: Implications for International Communication and English Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press, 2007

What Was the Driving Force Behind European Imperialism in...

Andres Lugo Professor William Hendricks March 17, 2015 World Civilizations II Domination of resources The European powers that were in much need for resources during the 1500s through 1800s were Great Britain, France and Germany. During 1500 and 1800 Africa seemed like an impossible feat to conquer because of malaria but this wouldn’t stop the persistence of the leaders of France and Great Britain. The idea of exploring and conquering new land meant more to these leaders because of the motivation to keep their national security strong and keep their economy stronger. These countries would use their remaining resources to look for more disposable ones so that their empires could grow considerably. Great Britain would be dug in the†¦show more content†¦As the years go on this would began the countries of Africa being taken over and ran by foreigners. Each power would see the great opportunities that Africa would have to offer during these 300 years of exploring and expanding their empire. As the wheels start turning of this quest soon begins conf lict and with conflict evolution has started. Operating in Africa meant they needed to protect what they had built in their time there. Technological development started to happen with weapons and warfare. Better weapons meant better protection, as the years would go on it would become its own business on its own. Trading goods and building markets becomes important also within the communities these countries operate in because it gives the natives a way to make money on their in turn the importing and exporting distributers only see opportunities in this. With countries fighting for territory, and resources the driving force of imperialism in Africa soon loses its motivation of that and starts to become more about national pride amongst the European countries foreshadowing what will happen in the years to come. The driving force of imperialism in Africa would start off to help the empires grow and keep steady economic security for the future but with conflicts on the horizon to gre at powerShow MoreRelatedImperialism in Africa Essay620 Words   |  3 PagesB5 Imperialism in Africa In the late 1800’s Europeans took over Africa, took their resources,enslaving the Africans, and changed the course of history. The Europeans took over Africa, which is called The Scramble For Africa, in 1884-1914. The Europeans took over because Africa was rich in raw materials, they wanted power, and they thought their culture was superior. The driving force behind imperialism was need for resources, political competition, and technological advances. 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Exam 1 human resource management Free Essays

1. | | | According to the right of privacy, employers can conceal the nature of the job before hiring an employee. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| False | False| | | | 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Exam 1 human resource management or any similar topic only for you Order Now | | | The concept of â€Å"human resource management† implies that employees are interchangeable, easily replaced assets that must be managed like any other physical asset. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| False | False| | | | 3. | | | Currently, no federal laws outline how to use employee databases in order to protect employees’ privacy while also meeting employers’ and society’s concerns for security. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| True | True| | | | 4. | | | The role of HR generalist is limited to recruitment and selection. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| False | False| | | | 5. | | | Which of the following is NOT a necessary quality of human resources? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Human resources are valuable. |    | B. | Human resources are not imitable. |    | C. | Human resources are easily retainable. |    | D. | Human resources have no good substitute. |    | | | | 6. | | | Why has the job trend shifted to broadly defined jobs? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Emphasis on innovation and quality|    | B. | Demand for low skilled workers|    | C. | Increased focus on simplifying jobs|    | D. | Lack of competition|    | | | | 7. | | | Job design is: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | the process of defining the way work will be performed and the tasks that a given job requires. |    | B. | the process of getting detailed information about jobs. |    | C. | the process by which the organization attempts to identify suitable employees. |    | D. | the planned effort to enable employees to learn job-related knowledge, skills, and behavior. |    | | | 8. | | | Organizational development and change are areas where HR professionals generally play only a supporting role. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| False | False| | | | 9. | | | As a type of resource, human capital refers to: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | the wages, benefits, and other costs incurred in support of HR functions within an organiz ation. |    | B. | executive talent within an organization. |    | C. | the tax-deferred value of an employee’s 401(k) plan. |    | D. | employee characteristics that add economic value to the organization. |    | | | | 10. | | According to the Gallup survey, which aspect of their jobs are most workers largely satisfied with? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Health insurance benefits|    | B. | Retirement plans|    | C. | Relations with coworkers|    | D. | Amount of money earned|    | | | | 11. | | | The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that about one-tenth of employed individuals work in alternative employment arrangements. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| True | True| | | | 12. | | | The U. S. workforce is predicted to become more diverse in terms of ethnicity and racial background. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| True | True| | | | 13. | | | An HRIS can be used to perform primarily all of the following EXCEPT: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | support strategic decision-making. |    | B. | avoid litigation. |    | C. | evaluate programs and policies. |    | D. | motivate employees. |    | | | | 14. | | | When an organization undertakes a complete review of its critical work processes to make them more efficient and to be able to deliver higher quality, it is engaging in: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | outsourcing. |    | B. | high-performance work system design. |    | C. | total quality management. |    | D. | reengineering. |    | | | | 15. | | | What effect has the use of employee empowerment had upon recruiting? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | It has created an international labor market. |    | B. | It has substantially enhanced employment opportunities for women and minorities. |    | C. | It has shifted the focus away from technical skills to general cognitive and interpersonal skills. |    | D. | It has significantly reduced recruiting costs. |    | | | | 16. | | | How does e-HRM affect analysis and design of work? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. Online simulations, including tests and e-mail, can measure job candidates’ ability to deal with real-life business challenges. |    | B. | Employees can review salary and bonus information and seek information about and enroll in benefit plans. |    | C. | Employees in geographically dispersed locations can work together in virtual teams using video, e-mail, and the Internet. |    | D. | Online learning can bring training to employees anywhere, anytime. |    | | | | 17. | | | Privacy, as an important issue in e-HRM, might best be addressed by which one of the following technologies? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | A website|    | B. | An intranet|    | C. | A high-performance work system|    | D. | A shared service center|    | | | | 18. | | | When two companies join forces and become one entity, it is termed a: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | partnership. |    | B. | consolidation. |    | C. | merger. |    | D. | joint venture. |    | | | | 19. | | | Independent contractors are: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | persons who work for an organization only when they are needed. |    | B. | self-employed individuals with multiple clients. |    | C. | employed by a temporary agency. |    | D. employed directly by a company for a specific time. |    | | | | 20. | | | Which one of the following technologies lets a company rent space on a remote computer system and use the system’s software to manage its HR activities, including security and upgrades? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Application service providers|    | B. | Int ernet portals|    | C. | Shared service centers|    | D. | Business intelligence|    | | | | 21. | | | Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 applies to all organizations that employ 20 or more persons working 20 or more weeks a year and that are involved in interstate commerce. | Student Response| Correct Answer| False | False| | | | 22. | | | The Civil Rights Act of 1991: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | limits damage claims to lost benefits and attorney’s fees and costs. |    | B. | requires violators to pay punitive damages that cover emotional pain and suffering. |    | C. | requires violators to pay compensatory damages, an amount beyond actual loss. |    | D. | limits the maximum punitive damages allowed, depending on the size of the organization. |    | | | | 23. | | | The EEOC is NOT the enforcement agency for the: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. |    | B. | Rehabilitation Act of 1973. |    | C. | Equal Pay Act of 1963. |    | D. | Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. |    | | | | 24. | | | Which legislative/regulatory actions are under the direct control of the President? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Constitutional amendments|    | B. | Judicial decisions|    | C. | Legislation|    | D. | Executive orders|    | | | | 25. | | | Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employers from discriminating against individuals based on all of the following EXCEPT: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | age. |    | B. | race. |    | C. | religion. |    | D. | national origin. |    | | | | 26. | | | Under disparate impact, the plaintiff must prove that the employer intended to discriminate. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| True | False| | | | 27. | | | Which of the following cases would most likely be subject to a lawsuit filed under the disparate treatment theory of discrimination? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | A group of females are laid off due to a downturn in business. |    | B. | Black applicants are being disproportionately rejected on the basis of a psychological test. |    | C. A black applicant is turned down for a job based on a handwriting analysis. |    | D. | A woman with school-aged children is rejected on the assumption that she will frequently be absent from work. |    | | | | 28. | | | An individual wishing to file a complaint with the EEOC or a similar state agency must file the complaint within _____ days of the incident. | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | 30|    | B. | 60|    | C. | 90|    | D. | 180|    | | | | 29. | | | The three basic components of an affirmative action plan include all of the following EXCEPT: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. utilization analysis. |    | B. | measurement tools. |    | C. | goals and timetables. |    | D. | action steps. |    | | | | 30. | | | When an individual is promised a positive outcome for submission to sex, or threatened with a negative outcome for failure to submit to sex, this is referred to as: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | disparate treatment. |    | B. | disparate impact. |    | C. | reverse discrimination. |    | D. | quid pro quo harassment. |    | | | | 31. | | | In terms of the Job Characteristics Model, the degree to which a job requires completing a â€Å"whole† piece of work from beginning to end is: | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | autonomy. |    | B. | skill variety . |    | C. | task significance. |    | D. | task identity. |    | | | | 32. | | | For which of the following occupations is it easiest to implement telework? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Production technician|    | B. | Quality management|    | C. | Machine operator|    | D. | Graphic designer|    | | | | 33. | | | In contrast to tasks, duties, and responsibilities, KSAOs are characteristics about people and are not directly observable. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| True | True| | | | 34. | | What is the SBAR method? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Standardizing information at handoff points by describing the situation, giving the context, evaluation of the condition, and recommending action. |    | B. | Reducing the complexity of the work, making it so simple that almost anyone can be trained quickly and easily to perform the job. |    | C. | The study of the interface between individuals’ physiology and the characteris tics of the physical work environment. |    | D. | Enlarging jobs by combining several relatively simple jobs to form a job with a wider range of tasks.    | | | | 35. | | | In which of the following scenarios will workers be less motivated to perform the job? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | When the job requires a variety of skills to be performed. |    | B. | When the job requires completing the whole piece of work from beginning to end. |    | C. | When the job has minor impact on the lives of other people. |    | D. | When the job allows individuals to make decisions about the job. |    | | | | 36. | | | Which of the following would qualify as a compressed workweek? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. Employees are required to be at work from 10:00 a. m. to 3:00 p. m. and can choose additional hours before/after this period. |    | B. | Two part-time employees work in different shifts and share the tasks of a specific job. |    | C. | Employee s are permitted to work 10 hours a day, Monday through Thursday. |    | D. | Employees can choose to work away from a centrally located work area. |    | | | | 37. | | | When job analysis information is used to judge the relative worth of different jobs within an organization, the HR activity is termed: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. performance evaluation. |    | B. | training and development. |    | C. | job evaluation. |    | D. | work redesign. |    | | | | 38. | | | Which of the following arrangements would qualify as job rotation? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | A receptionist is required to perform the jobs of file clerk and typist. |    | B. | Team members assemble components and also pack products into cases. |    | C. | Team members make decisions regarding how to resolve problems with customers. |    | D. | A manager participating in a meeting while on vacation with his family. |    | | | | 39. | | Which one of the following wo uld be most appropriate when gathering information about clerical and technical job duties? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | A job analyst visits the workplace and watches/videotapes an employee performing the job. |    | B. | A manager/supervisor imagines what a well-done job would look like. |    | C. | A job analyst questions the peers about a particular job. |    | D. | A job analyst visits the workplace and asks employees to show what the job entails. |    | | | | 40. | | | The Fleishman Job Analysis System provides an accurate picture of the ability requirements of a job. | Student Response| Correct Answer| True | True| | | | 41. | | | Which of the following is NOT true of outsourcing? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Outsourcing is a logical choice when firms lack experience in an area. |    | B. | Outsourcing often involves ventures with foreign companies. |    | C. | Outsourcing is currently restricted to manufacturing and low-skilled job s. |    | D. | Outsourcing is driven by economies of scale. |    | | | | 42. | | | Several forces are drawing out older workers’ careers. Which of the following is NOT one of them? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. The improved health of older people, combined with the decreased physical labor required by many jobs, makes working longer a viable option. |    | B. | The acute shortage of qualified younger workers has resulted in employers offering increased incentives to older workers to remain on the job. |    | C. | Age discrimination laws and the outlawing of mandatory retirement ages have limited organizations’ ability to induce older workers to retire. |    | D. | Many workers fear Social Security will be cut, and they do not have adequate employer-sponsored pensions to cover anticipated costs. |    | | | | 43. | | How do organizations determine labor supply? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Analyzing where the need for people with the necessary skills and experience will increase or decrease. |    | B. | Analyzing job categories held in one period and the proportion of employees in each of those job categories in a future period. |    | C. | Indicating a specific figure about what should happen with the job category or skill area and a specific timetable for when the results should be achieved. |    | D. | Planning elimination of large numbers of personnel with the goal of enhancing the organization’s competitiveness.    | | | | 44. | | | According to research on recruitment, it is clear that recruiting sources are more important than characteristics of the vacancy for predicting job choice. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| True | False| | | | 45. | | | Job applicants find companies with employment-at-will practices more attractive than companies with due-process policies. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| True | False| | | | 46. | | | The largest share of new employees hired come from which external source? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Career fairs|    | B. | Referrals|    | C. | College recruiting|    | D. | Advertisements|    | | | | 47. | | | In a survey of large well-known businesses, about one-third of open job positions were filled by: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | insiders. |    | B. | referrals. |    | C. | on campus recruitment. |    | D. | direct applicants. |    | | | | 48. | | | Overtime is most suited for short-term labor shortages. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| False | True| | | | 49. | | | Research demonstrates that realistic job previews significantly reduce employee turnover. | | Student Response| Correct Answer| True | False| | | | 50. | | | An organization’s core competency is: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | a clear analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the organization’s existing internal labor force. |    | B. | decisions about how an organization will carry out human resource management, including how it will fill job vacancies. |    | C. | a set of knowledge and skills that make the organization superior to competitors and create value for customers. |    | D. | a forecast of the proportion of employees who are members of various protected groups. |    | | | | How to cite Exam 1 human resource management, Essay examples

Fundamentals Of Entrepreneurship Business †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Fundamentals Of Entrepreneurship Business? Answer: Introducation With the advent of modern technology and the increased usage of the Internet due to reasons like reduced cost of data and availability of data, common people have become more and more dependent on the internet to lead their livelihood. Starting from booking a cab to buying clothes and accessories online and also booking a doctors appointment everything is possible through internet and Smartphone. The world has crunched in its size thanks to the increased use of internet and internet based applications (Barnes and Hunt 2013). Type of industry: The industry that the business will be operation on is the e-commerce or the e-market, this is a virtual place of business that exists and is in full rage now. Jeff Bezos the owner of an e-commerce giant, Amazon, has recently been awarded the title of the worlds richest person. Hence it can be clearly understood that there is a huge capacity of this market if it is used wisely and with proper planning. The E-market is a place that has a lot of pros and cons and the biggest pro being the braking of the geographical barrier opening a wider scope of the target market. One of the major cons of the e-commerce sector is that an individual cannot use the service that is being offered if he or she does not have a Smartphone or a computer with working internet plan (Awa, Ojiabo and Emecheta 2015). Mission statement: The vision and mission this new business idea is to create a positive thinking for the online grocery material purchasing. To make the consumers understand the optimum utility of the service. Another positive and innovative point of this application will be the choice of shop from where the consumers will receive their desired product at their door step. In this way the retail stores also can sing up and supply the products without being out of business (Ong and The 2016). Business Model: The suggested name of the service and the new business idea is DELIGROCE. It would include an internet based mobile application that can be downloaded from App store. The city which is suggested to be the point of inception of the operation is Adelaide. Adelaide is a geographically smaller city in comparison to others in Australia, but it has a youthful crowd who use internet on a daily basis and are also open to new and innovative ideas of livelihood hence Adelaide will prove to be a good start to the new business. First of all technical support will be required in order to develop an application based portal which is not only user friendly and easy to use but also has two sides to it one is the consumer end and the other is the vendors end. The business model of the new idea will flow a two course path that is going to run parallel to each other. One is the vendor side and the other is the customer side. To combat the busy time table that individuals lead nowadays there are several services that are available in the internet. This business model also follows the same path as the customer side of the model is planned and designed in a way that the time and effort of the consumers are reduced so that they can indulge their time in something more worthwhile. But, there is always a trust issue with the products that are available in the virtual world, especially if the products are in the perishable goods category and most groceries are in this category. To deal with this dilemma of the consumers there is the vendor side of the model, which is to sign up with local grocery stores that the consumers usually visit and trust so that along with the products the customers can also choose the stores from which the products are go ing to be bought. Good quality products are going to be delivered by the suppliers and grocery shops, the shops will pack the orders received from the mobile application and supply it to the delivery partners of the company. The idea is to remove the hoarding of the inventories and stocks as the market is dealing with goods that can easily be perished therefore cutting on a large amount of capital investment on the stocking of inventories and warehousing charges etc (Chaffey 2015). Description of the Industry Future outlook and trends In todays world the schedule that an individual follows is very bus and hence there is an upward trend of the internet based market. As it saves time and effort of the people it is growing and gaining popularity with the reduced cost of internet and data plans. In the next five years the expectation of the consumers form the e-commerce sector is going to increase and hence there is a lot of opportunity for the business to upgrade and expand in other cities as well. There is drone delivery system in 30 minutes and virtual trying of clothes and shoes also possible. Analysis of Competitors There are a number of players in this market already as it has a lot of opportunities the biggest threat being the supermarket retailer giant Aldi. It is a retail market but it has a strong presence online as well. In a very little time the company has garnered a lot of good reputation in the Australian sector as well owing to the reasonable cost and high quality products that they offer. As Aldi has a home grown brand it can offer very low price of products and offer high quality (Kurnia et al. 2015). The business model is a little different form that of the DELIGROCE as in this business model the products are going to be delivered from a selected store to the consumer and the business itself will not own any products of its own. It will just as service providers for delivery of fresh and high quality grocery from the selected stores. Grocery Run is another major competitor some of the services that it offers are $9.99 flat shipping rate all over Australia which is a big marketing plus point for the company, apart from that it also offers great discounts on items. Furthermore, customers usually like to physically check grocery items such as fruit, vegetables, meat and eggs before purchasing them; hence the retail is a big competition to the market (Falk and Hagsten 2015). Here is a list of other potential competitors: Woolworths Coles Harris Farm Australian Farmers Direct Shopwings Industry and Market forecasts he market of the retail grocery is lead by some of the big players like Metcash, Wesfarmers, Woolworths Limited, Aldi and many more and hence the online service of grocery is still yet to gain popularity even among the urban population. In the last financial year 2016-17 and considering the numbers of the past five years, industry revenue has seen an upward rise and opportunity and the approx number that is annualized 15.8%, to reach $2.7 billion. The target market of the industry is still dealing with the new idea of buying groceries online as there is a huge possibility of getting tampered goods because the market deals in perishable items as well. The widespread set of connections of the significant supermarket chains of Australia like Coles and Woolworths, the proximity of the stores form the location of the people have made the online industry of groceries a tough competition as people get a local store very close to their house or locality where they can choose the desired good s from the aisle of these store. The online grocery industry in Australian is expected to grow in its capacity to be worth AU$5.8bn in 2020, which is over twice its current value of AU$2.7bn. Currently the sales of the online market are at 2.3%, which is analyzed to grow to 4.1% of online grocery sales by 2020 (retailanalysis.igd.com, 2017). Technology Plan Description of technology The technology that is required for the inception of the business plan is mainly an application development that is going to be available both in the android play store and also in ISO app store. the application must have some of these features: User-friendly, easy to download, easy to sign in, a section of notes where a person can set reminders, an option on uploading documents which is necessarily the list of items so that the items can automatically move in to the cart of the account. There should also be an analysis metrics in the app which will analyze the buying trend of the consumer and give the customer options while purchasing suggesting new and upgraded products. There also should be a provision for the customers to give the vendors review so that more and more people can order form a particular store, this can be used as a shared marketing tool with the business. Another important aspect of the business is partnering up with a delivery service which is going to serve the company and help the business with the logistics (Cosenz and Cosenz 2017). Technology comparison Most of the application of the online grocery market deal with similar kind of application based program where the customer can pick and choose form by looking at the pictures. There are several companies which offer free shipping after a certain amount along with 24 hrs delivery service. There also provisions available for return of items that the customer did not like. There are applications and websites who just focus on home grown items and encourage Australian vendors. A lot of these plans can be imitated by DELIGROCE as well in the future (Kaptein and Parvinen 2015). Commercialization requirement he first requirement is to understand the local customer and the mind set along with it build al list of supermarkets and local stores who are the potential vendors of the company. The user interface of the application has to be attractive and at the same time engaging for the customers to understand the application easily and use it without any hassle. There should be a GPS navigator built in to connect with the delivery boys in no and keep in contact with them (Fernie and Sparks 2014). The resources that are required to develop this internet based application for both the Android and IOS module is first skilled and trained software technician, a partnership with a friend of the entrepreneur who owns an application designing company is proposed. The next import resource that is required by the company is a trained business development and marketing team who will present the companies and bring aboard vendors by analyzing and identifying a list of supermarkets and local grocery stores. Another major requirement of the initial start up of the business is a content team who will manage the basic content of the application (Brooks, Heffner and Henderson 2014). Marketing Plan Market segment Demographic: The target market of the business is people who buy their own grocery 20-60 years old. Geographic: Initially the geographic area that is going to be focus on is Adelaide. Psychographic: People who have a busy lifestyle and want to take out time form their busy schedule to indulge in some quality time with oneself or friends and family. Behavioral: A person who is tech savvy and understands the usage of such applications, someone who is a regular e-commerce website user, and is not skeptic about the quality of service offered by e-commerce websites and applications (Hennart 2014). Product and service The company is going to offer a service to the customers of delivering the groceries that can be ordered online via an application. On the vendor end, the company is going to offer a platform for the local grocery stores to set up an online presence and reach out to people who are their potential customers (Turban et al. 2015). Pricing he price will be two folds one form the customers end and one from the vendors end. The delivery charges are kept at the minimum and will be free after a certain point of purchase. From the vendors end it will be a contract of the service for 6months, 8months and 12 months option to choose form. The vendors can renew their contract on the basis of their choice. Distribution The distribution of the products will be done by the delivery partner and the delivery will be monitored by the GPS system that will be developed for the app and for the back end usage. Promotion Promotion of the business will be done via medium which is most used by the target market. Digital and internet based marketing is the best option for the business (Rawat and Divekar 2014). Financial Plan Break even Analysis Monthly Revenue Break-even $65,000 Assumptions: Average Percent Variable Cost 30% Estimated Monthly Fixed Cost $46,925 Pro Forma Cash flow Statement Starting Cash Position Inflow (individual investment) Sales from customers Sales from vendors Other Cash Receipts Total Cash Inflow Outflow (Use of Fund) Fixed Cost Administration Marketing Operations Total Cash Outflow Closing Cash Position Production plan The production of the technology is given to another firm which specializes in the technology development sector. This firm belongs to the friend of the entrepreneur and hence a mutual benefit and understanding will be much better than any other outsourced unit. The company will be offering a service and not a product hence the option of production is unavailable but for a service industry as well has a production procedure in this case is the development of the technology is part of the production (Cannone and Ughetto 2014). Organizational plan Form of Ownership The form of ownership of the business is sole proprietorship where the entrepreneur is the sole owner and the receiver of any profit that is drawn from the business. He or she is the person who is the risk taker and the risk barer of the company. Identification of Partners The firm will need collaboration with the technology support company and will also have a delivery partner of the venture to begin with. Both the technology and the delivery are significant to the company, the future plans are to set up own logistics phase in the future while expanding the business. Organizational Structure It is an independent venture and will be released at small scale only for the customers in the Adelaide area. The entrepreneur of the company is the person who is all in all in the management. Apart from that there is a marketing and business head along with a content manager in the establishment. There are around seventeen employees in the marketing, operation and the content team. Operational plan The aim is to launch the application as soon as possible as the online grocery market of Australia is expected is the eight largest in the world with full potential to grow exponentially over the next five years. Before the launch some promotional activity will occur to kick start the download process. Six months before the launch the application will be used extensively by the technology team to understand and deal with the short comings (Wang et al. 2016). Summary The prospect of this business is dependent on the acceptance of the idea among the urban population of Adelaide. There is tough competition of the retail stores on the online front in the grocery sector. The development of the application and the smooth running of the app will the prime focus at the initial stages. While, the marketing team at the will concentrate on finding the vendors to participate and collaborate with the application. By the end of the first financial year there is an expected growth in the industry and in the outlook of people hence focusing on expanding in other adjacent cities as well. Reference List: Awa, H.O., Ojiabo, O.U. and Emecheta, B.C., 2015. 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